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Plants
Plant Characteristics
• What are the
characteristics of a
plant?
• Eukaryotic cells (cells
have a nucleus)
• Multicellular
• Have cell wall made of
cellulose (sugar)
• Autotrophic (get food
from photosynthesis)
• Reproduce sexually or
asexually
Vascular v. Non-vascular Plants
• What are 2 main groups
of plants?
• What are the traits of
non-vascular plants?
• Non-vascular
• Vascular
• They do NOT have special
tissues that carry water or
nutrients through the
plant
• They are very small
• Use osmosis to take in
water
• Live in shady moist places
Plant Tissues
• What are traits of
vascular plants
• What is xylem?
• Contains special tissues
called xylem and phloem
that carry water and
nutrients
• They are large plants
• Some have flowers
(angiosperms), some
don’t (gymnosperms)
• Hollow tubes that carry
water up from the roots
to the leaves
Plant Tissues
• What is phloem?
• Hollow tubes that carry
sugar down from the
leaves to the roots
Plant Parts
• What are the main parts
of a plant?
• What are the functions of
the roots?
•
•
•
•
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Absorb water and
nutrients for the plants
• Hold the plant to the
ground
• Store extra food for the
plant. Plant food is starch
(a polysaccharide)
Plant Parts
• What are the functions
of stem?
• What are the functions
of the leaves?
• Supports the plant
• Carries nutrients,
glucose, and water
• Gets leaves closer to
the sun
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!
• Transpiration
• Gas exchange
Plant Parts
• What is photosynthesis?
• What is transpiration?
• What are stomates
(stomata)?
• A process that uses
sunlight to convert CO2
and H2O into glucose
• It occurs in the
chloroplasts (plant cells
only)
• The loss of water and CO2
through the stomates
(stomata) of a leaf
• Openings on the
underside of a leaf that
allow CO2, H2O and O2 to
enter and leave the leaf
stomate
Guard cell
Plant Parts
• What is involved in gas
exchange?
• Movement of CO2, H2O
and O2 into and out of a
leaf
• Occurs through stomata
(stomates)
• The transport that moves
Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide is Diffusion.
• The transport moving
water is Osmosis and
Capillary Action
Transport of Water
• Osmosis
• Passive Transportrequires no energy.
• Moves with the
concentration gradient
(high to low)
• Plants prefer Hypotonic
• Water is stored in the
central vacuole
• Capillary Action
• Helps move water
through the Xylem and
out the stomata
• It is the water
molecules will be
attracted to each other
and the walls of the
tube causing the level
to rise.
Plant Parts
• What are the parts of a
leaf?
• Cuticle-waxy covering on
the top of the leaf that
helps it retain water
• Epidermis-the skin of the
leaf; blocks pathogens
(disease causing stuff)
• Mesophyll-cells where
photosynthesis occurs
• Vascular tissue-xylem and
phloem
Plant Reproduction
• What are the parts and
functions of a flower
• The function: attract
pollinators, produce
pollen (sperm), and
ovules (eggs)
• Male parts (stamen)
– Pollen; the part of flower
that contains sperm cells
– Anther; the part of the
stamen that makes pollen
– Filament; a long stalk that
hold up the anther
Boy parts
anthers
stamen
filament
anther
filament
More boy parts
Plant Reproduction
• What are the parts and
functions of a flower?
• Female parts (pistil)
– Stigma; the sticky tip of
the pistil where the
pollen attaches
– Style; the long tube
connecting the stigma to
the ovary; sperm travel
down this tube
– Ovary; the swollen part
at the bottom of the
pistil that contains the
ovules
– Ovules; eggs
stigma
style
Pistil
Girl parts
anthers
Ovary
ovary
ovules
Plant Reproduction
• What are the parts and
functions of a flower?
• Accessory parts (not
male or female)
– Petals; usually brightly
colored; attract insects
for pollination
– Sepal; usually green;
protects the flower while
it’s developing
– Receptacle; bottom of
the flower that holds all
the parts together
receptacle
sepals
Plant Reproduction
• Pollination
• Fertilization
• The transfer of sperm
from the anther to the
stigma
• The uniting of sperm
and egg
Plant Responses
• How do plants respond
to the environment?
• Hormones control
• What are auxins?
• Plant hormones that
control
– Patterns of growth
– Responses to environment
– Phototropism
– Gravitropism
– Branching
Tropisms (turning)
• What is phototropism?
• The tendency of a plant
to bend toward a light
source
Tropisms (turning)
• What is gravitropism?
• The response of a plant
to the force of gravity
– Stems grow up
– Roots grow down
Tropisms (turning)
• What is thigmotropism
• The response of a plant
to touch
– Vines curl around a
trellis
– Sensitive plant closes its
leaves when touched
– Venus fly trap