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Transcript
Cabbage (Brassica Oleraceae, L.) The Cruciferae family, also known as Brassicaceae, has more than 300 varieties and 3000 species. Brassica has more or less 40 species. Brassicae are species rich in minerals. From the nutritive point of view, it may be detached the epidemical evidence to an inverse correlation between the incidence of some kinds of cancer and its consumption. Some glucosinolates, secondary Cruciferae metabolites involved in a characteristic aroma of these plants, prevent the beginning of cancer. Genre Species Subspecies Common Name Brassica B. oleraceae Acephala Alboglabra Botrytis Capitata Gemmiferae Rapa Itálica Napus Kale Chinese cabbage Cauliflower Headed Cabbage Brussels sprouts Turnip cabbage Broccoli Swedish turnip Brassicae are in the main vegetable crops among world-wide, considering its area, production volume and consumption. They constitute an important crop group in different regions of the globe. Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland, Rumania, Ukrainia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Southern Korea) and the USA are important producers of different cabbages’ varieties. The production of broccoli has a great expression in the USA (California) and Italy. Cauliflower production is lead by China, India and also big amounts in France, Italy, the UK and the USA. Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. italica Plenck) The heads of broccoli are green inflorescences harvested before flowering. Every cabbage that spike has edible heads, although these are less dense than the broccoli or cauliflower. Seed-plot: growing seedlings or line. Little sowing density (2-4 cm between seeds). The seeding period changes attending to the varieties. It’s a crop that needs a big amount of composting ( >30kg/100m2). Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. italica Plenck) Sowing: 50cm x 60 cm in 2-4 leaves stage, in turf. Mulch it with a composting, mulch again with grass. In cultivars of autumn harvesting, transplant it with 5-7 leaves (30-45 days, 10-15 cm) and with 9-12 leaves (60-70 days, 15-20 cm) in winter cultivars. Harvesting: between half a month – 2 months and a half, after sowing, depending on the variety. Varieties: there are varieties that can be adapted to several conditions, so it can be selected between the short life-cycle varieties and summer or autumn harvesting; long life-cycle with winter and spring harvesting. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisa L.) This plant comes from Extreme Orient and is cultivated in China far from 1500 years ago; nowadays its cultivation has expanded. It is eaten fresh, but also in sauces, boiled meals, etc, because it is rich in vitamins. Some years ago its cultivation was expanded to Europe. It’s a delicate crop that has success in greenhouses, well adapted to hot climates and fertile soils. Seed-plot: in the definite place in lines or dims. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisa L.) Care: trimming is very important because it allows the selection of plants. The major problem is precocious spiking. Soil must always be humid and mulched. It requires a big amount of composting (> 30 kg/100m2). It’s important to ensure its protection against slugs and caterpillars (pulverized them with Bacillus Thurigiensis (BT) to avoid caterpillars). Harvesting: Chinese cabbage creates a more or less fat cabbage that endures small frosts. Pulled with roots and with sand it can be conserved during several weeks. Varieties: the cultivated varieties attend to precocity factor. Early varieties: Tropicana, Spring, Nagaoka; semi latest cultivars, Sui Ryoku, Kasumi; latest cultivars: Snow Mountain, etc. Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleraceae L. var. gemmiferae) It appeared in Belgium in the 18th century. It’s an appreciated cultivar during winter because of its vitamin and minerals (iron and calcium) richness, being destined to the market and industry. Oppositely to the other cabbages, this one prefers a soil moderately rich in nitrogen (in soils very rich, the buds become small and opened). The “sprouts” (small heads that resemble miniature cabbages) are produced in the leaf axils, starting at the base of the stem and working upward. Sprouts improve in quality and grow best during cool or even lightly weather. Seed-plot: growing seedlings, in row. During dry weather, pulverize them regularly with rotenone or put on it some genista’s branches (protects them against alticae, which are leaves rodent insects). It requires small quantities of composting. Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae L. var. gemmiferae) Sowing: eliminate plants without buds or damaged, as well as weak or weed plants. Care: mulch it with vegetal detritus. Verify caterpillars (put some branches of tomatoes over the leaves, because it has a repulsive effect); to cure them, apply an insecticide based on BT). Don’t trim them because it increases a higher protection against cold. Sometimes it’s difficult the application of tutors to avoid the sprouts inclination. Harvesting: it begins in the sprouts when they have 2-3 cm diameter. To wintering varieties, the first water flowing will bring profits to the crops. Associated crops: avoid the proximity of frizzy chicories and black radishes. Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae botrytis) L. var. It has its origins in Oriental Mediterranean and was disseminated over Europe during the 16th century. It has a very characteristic taste because of glucosinolates. Cauliflower requires fertile soils and regular humidity. Seed-plot: growing seedlings with direct seeding or transplantation. Direct seeding develops precocious crops (10-20 days). There is a strong competition among the plants. A reason for that could be, for instance, the great density in growing seedlings, it delays harvesting period. Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae botrytis) L. var. Transplantation: during the stage of 3-4 leaves. It requires a big amount of composting (> 30 kg/100m2). Transplant with 5-7 leaves (30-40 days, 10-15 cm) for autumn cultivar, and with 9-12 leaves (60-70 days, 15-20 cm) for winter cultivar. Sowing: it’s important to transplant only the healthier and developed plants, those with buds (observe its centre). Cover the roots with a clayish substance. Irrigate it immediately after sowing and shade them. Next, spread a good and well decomposed composting near the plants and mulch it with a thin layer of straw or grass. Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. botrytis) Care: Irrigate it abundantly during summer. To combat lizards, set tomato branches among the leaves (repulsive effect) and treat them with Bacillus thurigiensis. When the first inflorescences appear, they should be covered with its own leaves, curving them to preserve their inside whiteness. Harvesting: harvest inflorescences before flowering. Varieties: there is a great genetic variety in cauliflower. In function of the time of production, we may classify the existing varieties in three groups:-Summer, Autumn and Winter. Ex: Snow ball, Syria, White flora, Xana, White top, Express, Alpha, Neapolitan Giant, Autumn Giant, Imperial, Everest, etc. Turnip Cabbage (Brassica napus L.) It has a very rustic and productive root. For a long period of time, is was a basic food supply to human beings, mainly before potato introduction. Seed-plot: in the definite place, in lines. It has a high-quality development in fresh and humid climates. Trim it, using 20 cm intervals between each plant. It requires a big amount of composting (30 kg/100m2).