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Plant Diversity I Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. • Terrestrial environments - deserts, grasslands, forests. • 4 groups of land plants: bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. • Most common bryophytes - mosses. • Pteridophytes - ferns. • Gymnosperms – pines, conifers. • Angiosperms - flowering plants. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bryophytes - offspring remain attached to parent plant. • Non-vascular plants. • Vascular plants - vascular tissues, cells join into tubes that transport water, nutrients throughout plant body. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/Bryophyta/images/Physcomitrium.JPEG • Ferns - seedless plants. • Seed - plant embryo packaged along with food supply within protective coat. • Early seed plants gave rise to diversity of present-day gymnosperms, including conifers. • Modern plants angiosperms. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. http://www.rockhillridge.com/images/hayes/Ferns,%20Hayes%20Tract%206%2003-web.jpg Fern • Plant evolution: • 1Origin of bryophytes from algal ancestors. • 2Origin, diversification of vascular plants. • 3Origin of seeds. • 4Evolution of flowers. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. • Plants – multicellular, derive energy and nutrition through photosynthesis. • Plant cell walls - cellulose. • Different from algae - apical meristems, alternation of generations, sporangia that produce walled spores. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/bot311-00/PlantCellWalls00/CellWallHemiLab.jpg • Plants need to grow to maximize absorption. • Done through apical meristems undifferentiated cells that divide when needed. • Located at tips of roots, shoots. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. • Multicellular plant embryos develop from zygotes - stay in tissues of female parent. • Land plants - embryophytes. • Parent provides nutrients to embryo. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Alternation of generations gametophyte produces haploid gametes that get fertilized; form a diploid zygote that will grow into mature sporophyte. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/sf9x7c.jpg • Sporophyte produces haploid single-celled spores - grow into gametophyte. • Spore - reproductive cell that can develop into new organism. • Size of sporophyte and gametophyte differ in plant species. Qui ckTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi cture. • Bryophytes - gametophyte dominant generation. • Pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms - sporophyte dominant generation. QuickTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture. http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/info/schools/nzplants/images/moss/moss_major_parts1.jpg • Spores - haploid reproductive cells -grow into gametophyte by mitosis. • Covered by sporopollenin – resistant to outside stress. • Sporangia found on sporophyte produce spores. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Female gametangium (gamete producing organ) – archegonium produces single egg cell in vaseshaped organ. • Male gametangia – antheridia produce many sperm cells released to environment. • Sperm fuses with egg in archegonium. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Female Fusion of sperm and egg • Land plants have cuticle – protects from drying out, microbes. • Stomata, in epidermis of leaves allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between outside air and leaf interior. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. • Land plants - true roots, stems, leaves. • Xylem carry water, minerals up from roots. • Dead at maturity. • Phloem - living tissue - nutrientconducting cells arranged into tubes distribute sugars, amino acids, other organic products. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bixylemphloem.gif QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see t his pict ure. • Plants also produce secondary compounds. • Include alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolics such as flavonoids bitter tastes, strong odors, or toxic effects. • Some used for medicinal purposes. http://www.naturalproductsmarketplace.com/articles/i461a12.jpg Origin of land plants • Chloroplasts of land plants most similar to plastids of green algae. • In both - cellulose comprises 2026% of cell wall. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/profiles/Brian_Gunning/Web%20PCB/Ch%2010%20Plastids/Topic%2005%20Chloroplasts-Charophyceae/10%2005%2010.jpg Bryophytes • 3 phyla - phylum Hepatophyta – liverworts, phylum Anthocerophyta – hornworts, phylum Bryophyta – mosses. • Gametophytes dominant phase of life cycle. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. • Bryophytes anchored by tubular cells or filaments of cells - rhizoids. • Lack conducting tissues to distribute water and organic compounds within gametophyte – very small. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_10plantoverview/media/rhizoids.jpg • “Leaves” of most mosses lack a cuticle and are only 1 cell thick – allow quick absorption from surroundings. • Mature gametophores of bryophytes produce gametes in gametangia. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/Chap29a98/img016.jpg • Archegonium - single egg. • Antheridia - many flagellated sperm. • Sperm swim toward archegonia, drawn by chemical attractants. • Zygotes and young sporophytes retained and nourished by parent gametophyte. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. • Moss sporophytes consist of foot, elongated stalk (seta), and sporangium (capsule). • Foot gathers nutrients and water from parent gametophyte via transfer cells. • Stalk conducts materials to capsule. • Capsule – disperse spores. • Common in wetlands, wind dispersal allows for inhabiting many different areas. • Sphagnum, wetland moss, abundant and widespread – forms deposits of undecayed organic material – peat. • Forms peat bogs. QuickTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture. • Vascular plants have food transport tissues (phloem) and water conducting tissues (xylem) with lignified cells. • 1st vascular plants, pteridophytes, were seedless. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see t his pict ure http://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Pteridophytes/images/Adiantum_pedatum_940528_21_800.jpg Seedless Vascular Plants • Cooksonia, extinct plant over 400 million years old, earliest known vascular plant. • Seedless vascular plants, pteridophytes consists of 2 modern phyla: • Phylum Lycophyta – lycophytes. • Phylum Pterophyta -- ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Cooksonia • Lycophytes have small leaves (microphylls) with single unbranched vein. • Leaves of other vascular plants, megaphylls much larger and highlybranched. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. • Homosporous sporophyte produces a single type of spore. • Heterosporous sporophyte produces 2 kinds of spores. • Megaspores - females gametophytes. • Microspores - male gametophytes. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Fig. 29.23 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Modern lycophytes include tropical species that grow on trees as epiphytes, using the trees as substrates, not as hosts. • Specialized leaves (sporophylls) bear sporangia clustered to form club-shaped cones. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/nfmuseum/images/osmundaclaytoniana3barrdharbourhilljuly122002.jpg • Phylum Pterophyta – ferns and relatives. • 1Psilophytes - whisk ferns. • 2Sphenophytes – horsetails - often found in marshy habitats and along streams and sandy roadways. • Roots develop from horizontal rhizomes that extend along ground. Quic k Ti me™ and a dec ompres s or are needed to s ee t his pic t ure. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. • 3Ferns - horizontal rhizomes. • Fern leaves (fronds) may be divided into many leaflets. • Produce clusters of sporangia (sori) on back of green leaves (sporophylls) or on special, nongreen leaves. • Dispersed by wind.