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Introduction to Plants….. Biology I Review: • What is botany? – The study of plants • What is the general traits of the Plant kingdom: – Eukaryotic • Cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles – Autotrophic • Makes its own food through the process of – photosynthesis – Multicellular 2 Overall structure of a plant cell: • A: Vacuole – Storage area for water and sugar • B: Cell wall – Provide shape and support • D: Nucleus – Contains DNA • E: Mitochondria – Breaks sugar down into energy • F:Chloroplast – Site of photosynthesis 3 Importance of plants: • • • • Major role in our water cycle Uses up CO2 and produces O2 Used as our primary food source Source of medicine – Yams produce cortisone that treat inflamation • Source of fabric – Cotton, linen (flax), hemp 4 • Basis of fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas • Stored photosynthetic energy from millions of years ago • Used for housing and shelters Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 5 Plant Kingdom shows much biodiversity • Plant Kingdom is made up of 12 phyla and includes over 270,000 different species • 500 million years ago plants were only in the water • Land plants appeared 430 million years ago – What changed to move plants from water to land? – Development of the ozone layer » Protected plants from the sun’s harmful UV rays Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 6 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 7 What adaptations were needed to allow a plant to move from a water to a land environment? • 1. Development of a cuticle – Waxy, protective covering that prevents water loss Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 8 • 2. Development of stomata – Small openings on the surface that allows O2 and CO2 to move in and out of plant Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 9 • Must reproduce with spores or seeds – These structures prevent water loss, provide protection and nourish embryo • Sounds like what structure we already learned about in the animal kingdom? -the egg Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 10 • Had to have the formation of vascular tissue – A type of tissue that provides support, transports water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another • 1. Xylem: -carries water and inorganic nutrients from roots to stems and leaves Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11 • 2. Phloem – Carries organic food molecules (sugars) and water in any direction depending on a plants needs Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 12 Plant Classification: • Plants are divided into 2 main groups: – 1. Vascular: • Has vascular tissues, roots, stems and leaves • Examples: – Ferns, flowering plants and conifers Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 13 • 2. Nonvascular: -has no vascular tissue -No true roots, stems or leaves -Examples: -mosses and liverworts Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 14 Vascular: further divided into two groups • Seedless plants • • Seeded plants FERNS Gymnosperms Angiosperms reproduce with spores Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 15 Gynmosperms: • -include pines, evergreens and ginkgoes – Seeds are not encased in a fruit Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 16 Angiosperms: • -Flowering plants – Seeds are produced within a flower and housed in some type of protective fruit Examples: Apples, cherries, grass Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 17 Angiosperms are further divided into: • Monocotyledons (monocots) Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Dicotyledons (dicots) 18 What is a cotyledon? -first leaf of embryo Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 19