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Chapter 15 The Biosphere Biosphere • Includes living organisms and the land, air, and, water on Earth where living things reside • All living things making up the biosphere can also be called the biota • There are four major interconnected systems on Earth: – Biosphere – Hydrosphere – Atmosphere – Geosphere Hydrosphere • All of Earth’s water, ice, and water vapor Atmosphere • Air blanketing Earth’s solid and liquid surface Geosphere • Features of Earth’s surface such as, the continents, rocks, and sea floors • Also everything below the Earth’s surface World Biomes A variety of ecosystems that are grouped according to similar climates World Biomes • Biomes are usually named for their predominant plant type and major climatic features. • Each biome also has characteristic microorganisms, fungi, and animals. Biomes and Climate • Can all kinds of organisms live in every biome? – No • Species vary in different conditions. • They adapt to certain types of climate. – Adapting means they have an ability to survive and reproduce. • Because each species is adapted to certain conditions, the climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there. Climate • Is the long-term pattern of weather conditions in a region. • Two main components of climate: temperature and precipitation. Climate Video • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5chapter-15-the-biosphere.html Microclimate • Even within a specific region, climate conditions may vary dramatically. • Temperature and precipitation can vary greatly over small distances. • Climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it is the microclimate. Factors that Influence Climate • Sunlight – Sun’s rays most intense where the sunlight hits directly • At the Equator – Earth’s surface is heated unevenly due to shape • Air and Water Movement – Warm air and water rise because they are less dense • Landmasses – Help shape climate – Mountains World Map of Biomes Tropical Rainforest Abiotic Factors: - hot and wet all year - nutrient thin, poor soil Biotic Factors: - - Highest level of biodiversity - Characterized by a canopy uppermost branches of the trees that forms a dense covering - Vegetation includes thick, lush forest - Tree frogs, sloths, jaguar, apes Rainforest Video • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5chapter-15-the-biosphere.html Grassland Types of Grasslands: -Tropical (Savanna) -Temperate Grassland Tropical Grassland Abiotic Factors: - warm temperatures - seasonal rainfall (limiting - frequent fires factor) Grassland Tropical Grassland Biotic Factors: - Tall perennial grasses, drought and fire-resistant trees Lions, leopards, cheetahs, and hyenas Savanna Video • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5chapter-15-the-biosphere.html Grassland Temperate Grassland Abiotic Factors: - Cold winters Fertile soil Occasional fires Warm to hot summers Biotic Factors: - Lush, perennial grasses and herbs Most resistant to fire, drought, and cold gophers, rabbits, prairie dogs Desert Types of Deserts: -Hot -Semiarid -Cold Desert Abiotic Factors: - low precipitation - variable temperature Biotic Factors: - cacti, succulent plants - bats, owls, hawks, lizards, reptiles… Three Types of Deserts • Hot Desert: – Example: Sonoran in Arizona – Daytime temp: 100 degrees F – Precipitation falls as rain here • Semiarid Desert: – Example: Kalahari Desert – Temperatures cooler than hot desert • Cold Desert: – Example: Antarctic – Precipitation often occurs as snow Temperate Forests Types of Temperate Forests: - Temperate deciduous Temperate rainforest Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Characteristics: -Distinguishable seasons -Growing season occurs during warmer temperatures -Depends on availability of water (limiting factor) Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Abiotic Factors: -Characterized by seasons such as summers and cold winters -Deciduous means trees drop their leaves and go dormant during the cold season. Biotic Factors: - Hickory, maple, beech, and oak trees… - Deer, black bear, squirrels… Temperate Deciduous Forest Video • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5chapter-15-the-biosphere.html Temperate Rainforest Characteristics: • One long wet season and one long dry season • Often see fog and low-lying clouds • Often see coniferous trees here – This means trees retain their needles all year Temperate Rainforest • Abiotic factors: – Cold to moderate winters – Warm summers – Year-round precipitation – Fertile soil • Biotic Factors: – Coniferous plants (produce seed-bearing cones) and retain needles all year – Deer, black bears, bobcats, and squirrels Taiga Characteristics: - Also known as a boreal forest - Dense, evergreen forest (coniferous) Taiga Abiotic Factors: - long, cold winters - short, mild summers - moderate precipitation Biotic Factors: - coniferous trees (pines) - lynx, moose, beavers… Tundra Characteristics: - Characterized by permafrost Layer of permanently frozen subsoil - Tundra plants small and stunted - Winters can be as long as 10 months Tundra Abiotic Factors: - low precipitation - strong winds - poor soil Biotic Factors: *musk ox, arctic fox, snowy owl… *mosses, lichens, short grasses… Let’s Review R.Q: A Biome is identified by its particular set of abiotic factors and…… BIOTIC FACTORS R.Q: Which biome is characterized by very low temperature, little precipitation, and permafrost? TUNDRA! R.Q: Which biome has least amount of precipitation? DESERT! R.Q: Name another biome that has very low precipitation other than the desert. TUNDRA! R.Q: Which biome is characterized by having coniferous trees? TAIGA! R.Q: Which biome is characterized by warm temperatures and seasonal rainfall? SAVANNA! R.Q: Which biome is located along the equator? TROPICAL RAINFOREST!