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Unit 9 Ecosystems Ch 8 Lessons 1 and 2 What Does an Organism Get From Its Environment? • An organism gets food, water, shelter and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from its environment. • A habitat provides the things an organism needs to live, grow and reproduce. What are the Two Parts of an Organism’s Habitat? • An organism interacts with both the living and nonliving parts of its habitat. • Biotic Factors – Living or once living parts of a habitat. – Examples- plants, animals, bacteria, animal waste products and decomposing organisms. • Abiotic Factors – Nonliving parts of the parts of the habitat – Examples- sunlight, soil, temperature, oxygen, water How is an Ecosystem Organized? • Organisms live together in populations and communities that interact with abiotic factors. • Organization of Ecosystems – the smallest level of organization is a single organism, which belongs to a population that includes other members of its species. The population belongs to a community of different species, The community and abiotic factors together form an ecosystem. • What are Competition and Predation? • Competetion- the struggle between organisms to survive – The role of an organism in its habitat is called its niche, which includes: • • • • • the type of food the organism eats, how it gets the food what other organisms eat it when and how the organism reproduces the physical conditions it requires to survive. • If two species occupy the same niche competition will occur, causing one of the species to possibly die off. • Predation- when one organism kills another for food or nutrients – Adaptations are the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments. – Predation can have a major effect on prey population size • If too many predators are in an area, a decrease in the size of the prey population results. • A decrease in the prey population results in less food for the predator, causing the predator population to decline. • Predator and prey populations rise and fall in related cycles Interactions Among Living Things Predator-Prey Interactions On Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior, the populations of wolves (the predator) and moose (the prey) rise and fall in cycles. Symbiosis • Any relationship in which two species live closely together and that benefits at least one of the species What Are the Three Types of Symbiosis? • Mutualism – Relationship in which both species benefit • Commensalism – Relationship in which one species is helped and the other species is neither helped nor harmed • Parasitism – Relationship that involves one organism living with, on, or inside another organism and harming it. • The organism that is harmed is the host. • Organism that lives on or in another and benefits is the parasite. It is usually smaller and does not kill the host. • Mutualism • Both organisms benefit from the relationship Otters and Kelp The otters help the kelp by eating the sea urchins which endanger it. The kelp provides an anchor for the otters while they sleep. Example 1: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit Lichen • Lichen is really two organisms: algae and fungus. The fungus needs food but cannot make it. The algae makes food but needs some way to keep moist. The fungus forms a crust around the algae which holds in moisture. Both organisms benefit. Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit Swollen Thorn Acacia Tree and Ants • The tree provides a nursery for the ants in the thorns and makes special food for the ant babies. • In return the ants sting and attack any other plants or insects that try to invade the tree. Example 4: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 3: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Barnacles and Whales • Barnacles need a place to anchor. They must wait for food to come their way. Some barnacles hitch a ride on unsuspecting whales who deliver them to a food source. This does not effect the whale in any way. Oak Gall Wasps and Oak Trees • The oak gall wasp stings the oak tree. • the tree then grows a GALL which is a nest for the wasp’s babies. • When the larva hatch, they eat their way out of the gall. • Does not help or hurt the oak tree Example 5: Acacia plant with ant galls Ants lay eggs on acacia tree Acacia covers the infected area with brown fleshParasitism: one benefits, (gall) one is harmed Parasitism • One species benefits while the other is harmed Mistletoe is an aerial parasite that has no roots of its own and lives off the tree that it attaches itself to. Without that tree it would die. It slowly chokes out the life of the host tree. Bedbugs • Bedbugs are small, nocturnal parasites that come out of hiding at night to feed on unsuspecting humans. They feed exclusively on blood! Their bites often result in an allergic reaction. Tapeworms • The definitive host of the cucumber tapeworm is a dog or a cat (occasionally a human). Fleas and lice are the intermediate host. the dog or cat becomes contaminated when the eggs are passed in the feces, and the flea or louse ingests the eggs. The dog or cat (or human) is infected when they ingest a flea or louse. Hence the importance of controlling fleas on your pet! Example 6: Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed