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F215 control, genomes and environment Module 4 – responding to the environment Starter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij tMIXQXD0E Innate responses Why did you behave the way you did? Why do we have innate behaviours? Look at the table on p240 – the characteristics of innate behaviour. Introduction to behaviour BEHAVIOUR: Responses of an organism to its environment which increase its chances of survival. - enables them to survive and seek out favourable environments. Two types: Innate ▪ instinctive, automatic trigger Learned ▪ memory retains information and modifies response Glossary Ethology Study of behaviour Natural behaviour of animals in their natural environment Psychology Controlled conditions in a lab Interested in how animals learned new patterns of behaviour Behaviouralism Study of behavioural events involving stimuli and response Debate – “nature-nurture” Is an animals behaviour largely controlled by nature or nurture? Nature-nurture debate Nature “genes” ethologists Nurture “experiences during lifetime” Psychologists behaviouralists Human Behaviour Are aspects of our behaviour largely determined by our genes? Therefore not our fault Are aspects of our behaviour largely determined by our environment? To what extent does choice – free will – allow us to override any innate tendencies to particular behaviour patterns? Discuss these ideas – what are your thoughts? Learning Outcomes Explain the advantages to organisms of innate behaviour. Innate behaviour (instinctive) “Pattern of inherited, pre-set behaviour that does not require learning or practice” Survival mechanism Advantage because organisms respond the right way to the stimulus immediately – this is because no learning is needed. Innate behaviour is stereotyped – the same in every individual of the species. Learning Outcomes Describe escape reflexes, taxes and kineses as examples of geneticallydetermined innate behaviours.. Genes and Behaviour Simplest types of genetically determined innate behaviour are seen in invertebrates Three examples are: Escape reflexes Kineses Taxes Escape Reflex The function of the escape reflex is to avoid predators Involuntary responses that follow a specific pattern in response to a given stimulus. Example Earthworms withdraw underground if it receives a light touch on the front end Kineses Orientation behaviour The rate of movement increases when the organism is in unfavourable conditions “non-directional” Response is to change the rate of movement in relation to the intensity of the stimulus Example Woodlice avoid predation by living in dark, damp areas Kinesis A response involving changed level of activity Stimulus = humidity The higher the humidity the slower the rate of movement. Taxes “directional” orientation response The direction of movement is in relation to the stimulus triggering the behavioural response ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Positive phototaxis Negative phototaxis Positive chemotaxis Negative chemotaxis Taxes A directional locomotory response Examples Maggots have photoreceptors at anterior ends ▪ Show negative phototaxis Nematode worms show chemotaxes Is behaviour innate? Believed that most behaviour is an interaction between genes and environment. Complex innate behaviours Series of responses to a stimulus/stimuli Dragon fly ▪ Nymph crawls out pond, Drags itself up plant stem ▪ Attaches feet firmly, hangs on as skin splits ▪ As emerges, hangs downwards, twists upwards and grabs stem, rest as wings expand and dry. Waggle dance by worker honey bees communication Sand wasps and fixed action patterns (eg courtship and mating rituals) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IyEtekiA7E Dragonfly nymph Crawls out of the pond it has spent the first few years of it’s life in Drags itself up a plant stem Attaches it feet firmly Hangs on as the skin splits As it emerges it follows a distinctive pattern of behaviour Do humans demonstrate innate behaviour? Reflex action (taught in module 2) “a relatively rapid, automatic response to a stimulus” A reflex arc Stretch stimulus Receptor detects stimulus Action potentials along sensory neurone Motor neurone carries action potential to effector ▪ Effector brings about response (muscle contraction) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Exam Tip An innate response will only survive if it confers an advantage to the species Examiners could link questions on behaviour to natural selection Exam questions could feature animals that you have never heard of. It is more important that you can identify the type of behaviour from the information given. Plenary How was your response to the video clip…. Innate? Stereotyped? A reflex? Q1 p249