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Conservation Biology Chapter 50 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Outline • • • Biodiversity – Value Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction – Habitat Loss – Alien Species – Pollution – Overexploitation Conservation Techniques Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity • Conservation biology studies all aspects of biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources for this generation and future generations. – Primary goal is the management of biodiversity for sustainable use by humans. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity • Conservation biology supports certain ethical principles. – Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere. – Extinctions due to human actions are undesirable. – Ecosystem interactions supporting biodiversity are desirable. – Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary change has value in and of itself. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Biodiversity • • • • At its simplest level, biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. – Estimated that between 5 and 15 million species currently exist. Genetic diversity refers to variations among the members of a population. Community diversity increases biodiversity. Landscape diversity involves a group of interacting ecosystems. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Biodiversity • Some regions of the world are called biodiversity hotspots because they contain unusually large concentrations of species. – Hotspots contain about 20% of earth’s species, while only covering about 1% of the land area. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Value of Biodiversity • Direct Value – Medicinal Value – Agricultural Value Crops Biological Pest Controls Pollinators – Consumptive Use Value Wood Skins Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Value of Biodiversity • Indirect Value – Biogeochemical Cycles – Waste Disposal – Provision of Fresh Water – Prevention of Soil Erosion – Regulation of Climate – Ecotourism Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Causes of Extinction • Habitat Loss – Occurred in all ecosystems, but recent concern focused on tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Habitat Fragmentation Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Habitat Loss Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Alien Species • Alien species are nonnative species that move, or are moved, into a new ecosystem. – Often have competitive edge against native species. Avenues of Human Introduction Colonization Horticulture and Agriculture Accidental Transport Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Pollution • Pollution can be defined as any environmental change that adversely affects the lives and health of living things. – Acid Deposition – Eutrophication – Ozone Depletion – Organic Chemicals – Global Warming Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Global Warming Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Overexploitation • Overexploitation occurs when the number of individuals taken from a wild population is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers. – Exotic Pets – Hunting / Poaching – Over-Harvesting Fisheries Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Trawling Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Techniques • • Habitat Preservation – Keystone Species Metapopulations – Populations subdivided into several small, isolated populations due to habitat fragmentation. Source Populations Sink Populations Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Techniques • Landscape Preservation – Landscape protection for one species is often beneficial for other wildlife species that share the same space. Edge Effect Edge reduces the amount of habitat because the edges around a patch have a slightly different habitat than the patch interior. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Edge Effect Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Techniques • Computer Analyses – Gap Analysis Find gaps in preservation efforts. Try to identify areas where biodiversity is high outside of currently preserved areas. Population Viability Analysis Determine how much habitat a species requires to maintain itself. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Conservation Techniques • Habitat Restoration – Three Principles Begin as soon as possible before remaining fragments are lost. Once natural history is understood, use biological techniques to mimic natural processes. Goal is sustainable development. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Review • • • Biodiversity – Value Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction – Habitat Loss – Alien Species – Pollution – Overexploitation Conservation Techniques Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.