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ECOLOGY I Chapters 3 and 4 Ecology - ECOLOGY – SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERACTIONS AMONG ORGANISMS AND BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT • BIOSPHERE – COMBINED PORTIONS OF THE PLANET IN WHICH ALL LIFE EXISTS – – THIS INCLUDES: LAND, WATER & AIR THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIFE ON EARTH CONTRIBUTES TO AN EVERCHANGING, OR DYNAMIC BIOSPHERE • • LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION – INDIVIDUAL, POPULATION, COMMUNITY, ECOSYSTEM, BIOME, BIOSPHERE SOME ECOLOGISTS STUDY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A PARTICULAR KIND OF ORGANISM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS • • • • • SPECIES – GROUP OF ORGANISMS SO SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER THEY CAN BREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING POPULATIONS – GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS THAT BELONG TO THE SAME SPECIES AND LIVE IN SAME AREA COMMUNITIES – ASSEMBLAGE OF DIFFERENT POPULATIONS THAT LIVE TOGETHER IN A DEFINED AREA ECOSYSTEM – COLLECTION OF ALL THE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN A PARTICULAR PLACE TOGETHER WITH THEIR NON-LIVING, OR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BIOME – GROUP OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT HAVE THE SAME CLIMATE AND SIMILAR DOMINANT COMMUNITIES Biological Organization 1. Organism 2. Species. 3. Population 4. Community 5. Ecosystem 6. Biome 7. Biosphere Insert book page picture • REGARDLESS OF THE TOOLS THEY USE, SCIENTIESTS CONDUCT MODERN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH USE THREE BASIC APPROACHES: OBSERVING, EXPERIMENTING, & MODELING ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS • OBTAIN ENERGY BY THE SUN; SOMETIMES ENERGY IS STORED IN INORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS • EXAMPLES: ????? • AUTOTROPH – USE ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT TO FUEL THE ASSEMBLY OF SIMPLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTO COMPLEX ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – GIVE EXAMPLES: PLANTS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS – MOST AUTOTROPHS OBTAIN NUTRIENTS USING SOLAR ENERGY AND A PROCESS CALLED PHOTOSYNTHESIS • THIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ADDING OXYGEN TO, AND REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE • WHEN ORGANISMS USE CHEMICAL ENERGY TO PRODUCE NUTRIENTS IN THE ABSENCE OF SUNLIGHT, THIS PROCESS IS KNOW AS PRODUCERS – GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANISM WHO USES THIS PROCESS: ____________________________________ • CONSUMERS – ORGANISMS THAT RELY ON OTHER ORGANISMS FOR FOOD ARE ALSO KNOWN AS HETEROTROPHS Types of consumers 1. Herbivores – obtain energy from eating plants 2. Carnivores- eat other animals 3. Detrivores – feed on plant remains and other dead matter. Ex. Mites, earthworms, snails and crabs 4. Decomposers – break down organic matter. Ex. Bacteria and Fungi 5. Omnivores – eat both The Movement of Energy Through Ecosystems: Food Chains • FOOD CHAINS: MAKE A MODEL FOOD CHAIN. DRAW ARROWS TO SHOW THE DIRECTIONS OF ENERGY FLOW. (COYOTE, RAT, GRASS/GRAINS, CAT) Food Chains Food Chains FOOD WEB • FOOD WEBS – MORE COMPLEX, SHOWS FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM – A FOOD WEB LINKS ALL THE FOOD CHAINS IN AN ECOSYSTEM TOGETHER The Movement of Energy Through Ecosystems: Food Webs • In most ecosystems energy does not follow simple straight paths like those shown in a food chain. • FOOD WEB- used to show many food chains together, makes more sense Food Web TROPHIC LEVELS • TROPHIC LEVELS – EACH STEP IN A FOOD CHAIN OR WEB – – PRODUCES REPRESENTS THE 1ST LEVEL CONSUMERS MAKE UP THE 2ND, 3RD, OR HIGHER LEVELS The Movement of Energy Through Ecosystems: Trophic Levels in a Food Chain • 1st level always starts with a producer. (Plant) • 2nd level consists of herbivores. Called primary consumers. • 3rd level consists of carnivores or omnivores Called secondary consumers. 4th level tertiary or third order consumers- top carnivores in an ecosystem. Trophic Levels • Question 1 • This is an example of a food web. – A. true – B. false • Question 2 • How many trophic levels are illustrated Below? . – – – – A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 • Question 3 • What organism is a producer? – – – – A. caterpillar B. lizard C. green plant D. snake • Question 4 • This is an example of a food web. – A. true – B. false • Question 5 • The heron is ____. – – – – A. a producer B. a consumer C. autotroph D. a herbivore Food Webs Fish, shrimp, killer whale, plankton, seals Food Webs Algae, egret, frog, snake Food Webs Birds, fungi, jaguar, lizards, termites Food Webs Carrot, fox, rabbit, sun PYRAMIDS • ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS – DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY OR MATTER CONTAINED WITHIN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL ENERGY PYRAMIDS • ENERGY PYRAMID – ONLY PART OF THE ENERGY THAT IS STORED IN ONE TROPHIC LEVEL IS PASSED ON TO THE NEXT LEVEL. WHY IS THIS SO? – • USE MUCH OF THE ENERGY THAT THEY CONSUME FOR LIFE PROCESSES (RESPIRATION, MOVEMENT, REPRODUCTION) ONLY ABOUT 10% OF THE ENERGY AVAILABLE WITH IN ONE TROPHIC LEVEL IS TRANSFERRED TO ORGANISMS AT THE NEXT TROPHIC LEVEL BIOMASS PYRAMID • BIOMASS PYRAMID – TOTAL AMOUNT OF LIVING TISSUE WITH IN A GIVEN TROPHIC LEVEL. THIS REPRESENTS THE AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL FOOD AVAILABLE FOR EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN AN ECOSYSTEM Biomass Pyramid • BIOMASS – total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. • Expressed in grams or organic matter per unit area. • Pyramid represents the potential food available for each trophic level. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS • PYRAMID OF NUMBERS – BASED ON NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL Pyramid of Numbers • Based on the number of organisms at each trophic level. • Not all are in the shape of a pyramid, for example a tree (the producer) houses several different insects and birds but it is only one organism. • Question 1 • This would be best described as an example of a(n) ___ pyramid. – – – – A. energy B. food C. numbers D. trophic • Question 2 • The bird gains ___% of energy from the cricket . – – – – A. 900 B. 90 C. 10 D. 0.1 • Question 3 • The owl receives very little energy from eating the bird. ___% of it is released as heat between trophic levels. . – – – – A. 900 B. 90 C. 10 D. 0.1 • Question 5 • ___% of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen.. – – – – A. energy B. food C. numbers D. trophic CYCLES OF MATTER Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems: The Water Cycle • The water cycle consists of four distinct stages: storage, evaporation, precipitation, and runoff. Water may be stored temporarily in the ground; in oceans, lakes, and rivers; and in ice caps and glaciers. It evaporates from the earth’s surface, condenses in clouds, falls back to the earth as precipitation (rain or snow), and eventually either runs into the seas or reevaporates into the atmosphere. Almost all the water on the earth has passed through the water cycle countless times. Very little water has been created or lost over the past billion years. Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems: The Water Cycle The Nutrient Cycles 1. Carbon 2. Nitrogen 3. Phosphorus Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems: The Carbon Cycle - Key ingredient in living tissue - Calcium carbonate – makes up skeletons and rocks - Carbon dioxide – important component of the atmosphere Four processes move carbon through its cycle 1. Biological – photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition 2. Geochemical – erosion and volcanic activity release carbon dioxide 3. Biogeochemical – burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and fossil fuels 4. Human activities – mining, burning fossil fuels Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems: The Carbon Cycle • Add diagram from book Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems: The Nitrogen Cycle Required to make amino acids. 1. Atmosphere is 78% nitrogen gas. This form of nitrogen is not useable by most organisms. Only some bacteria can use this form directly. Live in legumes, convert nitrogen to ammonia in a process called nitrogen fixation. 2. Once converted producers use them make proteins. 3. Consumers eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their proteins. 4. When any one organisms die the decomposers break down the nitrogen compounds and return them to the soil where it can be taken up again by producers. Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called DENTRIFICATION. The Phosphorus Cycle • Used to form DNA and RNA • Not common in the biosphere • Remains on land in rock, soil minerals or ocean sediment • As rocks and sediment wears down phosphorus is released into streams and rivers where it is dissolved • Land phosphorus is absorbed by plants from the soil where it moves through the food web • RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE – – ENERGY AND MATTER MOVE THROUGH THE BIOSPHERE VERY DIFFERENTLY MATTER IS RECYCLED WITHIN AND BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS • NUTRIENT LIMITATION – A LIMIT OF ONE OR MORE NUTRIENTS IN THE ECOSYSTEM – FARMERS USE FERTILIZERS TO BOOST CROP PRODUCTIVITY • RUNOFF FROM HEAVILY FERTILIZED FIELDS CAUSES LIMITING NUTRIENTS • ALGAE GROWTH CAN COVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE WATER, WHICH DISRUPTS THE EQUILIBRIUM OF AN ECOSYSTEM – OCEANS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE NUTRIENT-LIMITING ENVIRONMENTS • Question 5 • ___% of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen. – – – – A. 100 B. 78 C. 50 D. 28 • Question 6 • Nitrogen enters the atmosphere because soil bacteria converts nitrates into nitrogen gas. This process is called___. – – – – A. nitrification B. chemosynthesis C. denitrification D. gas exchange • Question 7 • Burning fossil fuels and erupting volcanoes contribute to the carbon cycle. – A. true – B. false ECOSYSTEMS & COMMUNITIES CHAPTER 4 CLIMATE • WHAT IS CLIMATE? ATMOSPHERE, TEMPERATURE, & PERCIPITATION • WEATHER – DAY TO DAY CONDITIONS ON EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE AT A PARTICULAR TIME AND PLACE • CLIMATE – AVERAGE YEAR TO YEAR CONDITIONS OF TEMPERATUER AND PRECIPITATION – – AFFECTED BY HEAT TRAPPED IN ATMOSPHERE, LATITURE, WINDS, AND CURRENTS, PERCIPITATION, SHAPE AND ELEVATION OF PRECIPITATION ENERGY FROM THE SUN DRIVES WEATHER AND DETERMINES CLIMATE • GREENHOUSE EFFECT – – BIOSPHERE – NATURAL BLANKET FOR MAINTAINING SUITABLE TEMPS CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, WATER VAPOR TRAP HEAT ENERGY AND MAINTAIN EARTH’S TEMPERATURE. LEADS TO GREENHOUSE EFFECT • EFFECT OF LATITUDE ON CLIMATE – – SOLAR RADIATION – STRIKE DIFFERENT PARTS OF EARTH’S SURFACE AT AN ANGLE THAT VARIES THROUGHOUT THE YEAR DIFFERENCES IN HEAT DISTRIBUTION WITH LATITUDE HAS IMPORTANT EFFECTS ON EARTH’S CLIMATE ZONES • 3 MAJOR ZONES – – – POLAR – SUN’S RAYS AT LOW ANGLES, VERY COLD TEMPERATE – BETWEEN POLAR AND TROPIC, CLIMATE VARIES WITH SEASON TROPICAL – NEAR EQUATOR, RECEIVE DIRECT SUNLIGHT • HEAT TRANSPORT IN BIOSPHERE – – UNEQUAL HEATING OF EARTH’S SURFACES DRIVES WINDS AND OCEAN CURRENTS DRY CLIMATE – LAND MASSES, LIKE MOUNTAINS, MAKE MOIST AIR RISE, ONCE IT MOVES TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN MOISTURE IS LOST • WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM? – – BIOTIC FACTORS – BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON ORGANISMS WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM ABIOTIC FACTORS – PHYSICAL/NONLIVING; FACTORS THAT SHAPE THE ECOSYSTEM • THESE FACTORS DETERMINE THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF AN ORGANISM AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM IN WHICH THE ORGANISM LIVES – A HABITAT INCLUDED BOTH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS. A HABITAT IS ALSO KNOWN AS AN ORGANISM’S RESIDENCE • AN ANIMAL’S OCCUPATION IS ITS NICHE – THIS TELLS US THE ORGANISM’S PLACE IN THE FOOD WEB, RANGE OF TEMPERATURES NEEDED FOR SURVIVAL, TYPE OF FOOD EATEN, HOW IT OBTAINS FOOD, WHEN AND HOW IT REPRODUCES – NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE THE SAME NICHE IN THE SAME HABITAT. HOWEVER, DIFFERENT SPECIES CAN OCCUPY NICHES THAT ARE VERY SIMILAR COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS • COMPETITION – ORGANISMS THAT ATTEMPT TO USE AN ECOLOGICAL REASOURCE IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME – RESOURCE – ANY NECESSITY OF LIVE. EXAMPLES – WATER, NUTRIENTS, LIGHT, FOOD, SPACE – COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE – NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME NICHE IN THE SAME HABITAT AT THE SAME TIME • PREDATION – ONE ORAGANISM CAPTURES AND FEEDS ON ANOTHER ORGANISM – THE KILLING AND EATING IS DONE BY THE PREDATOR. THE ORGANISM EATEN IS THE PREY • SYMBIOSIS – ANY RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH TWO SPECIES LIVE CLOSELY TOGETHER MUTUALISM • MUTUALISM – BOTH SPEICES BENEFIT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP. EXAMPLE – BEE POLLINATING A PLANT Cleaner fish and grouper COMMENSALISM • COMMENSALISM – ONE MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION BENEFITS ANT HE OTHER IS NEITHER HELPED OR HARMED. EXAMPLE – SHARK FEEDS AND OTHER FISH EATS REMAINS PARASITISM • PARASITISM – ONE ORGANISM LIVES ON OR INSIDE ANOTHER ORGANISM AND HARMS IT. EXAMPLES – TAPEWORMS, TICKS, ETC… Sea fish with lamprey ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION • ECOSYSTEMS ARE CONSTANTLY CHANGING IN RESPONSE TO NATURAL AND HUMAN DISTURBANCES. AS AN ECOSYSTEM CHANGES, OLDER INHABITANTS GRADUALLY DIE OUT AND NEW ORGANISMS MOVE IN, CAUSING FURTHER CHANGES IN THE COMMUNITY • PRIMARY SUCCESSION – OCCURS ON SURFACES WHERE NO SOIL EXISTS. EXAMPLE – VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS BUILD NEW ISLANDS OR COVER THE LAND W/LAVA ROCK OR ASH – DESCRIBE A PIONEER SPECIES – FIRST SPECIES TO POPULATE THE AREA (VOLCANIC AREAS – USUALLY LICHEN) Primary Succession • SECONDARY SUCCESSION – A DISTURBANCE CHANGES AN EXISTING COMMUNITY WITHOUT REMOVING THE SOIL. EXAMPLES – CLEARED OR PLOWED LAND OR LAND LEFT AFTER A FIRE • SUCCESSION IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM – – – DEAD WHALE FALLS TO THE OPEN OCEAN FLOOR. SOON IT ATTRACTS SCAVENGERS AND DECOMPOSERS WITHIN A YEAR, MOST OF THE TISSUE HAS BEEN EATEN. THE CARCASS SUPPORTS ONLY A SMALLER # OF FISH. DECOMPOSITION OF THE WHALE’S BODY ENRICHES THE SURROUNDING SEDIMENTS WITH NUTRIENTS WHEN A MALE SKELETON REMAINS, HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA MOVE IN. THEY RELEASE CHEMICALS THAT SERVE AS ENERGY SOURCES TO OTHER BACTERIA THAT ARE CHEMOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism • Only one organism benefits, the other organism neither benefits or is harmed. 3. Parasitism • One organism benefits by harming another organism, WITHOUT KILLING THEIR HOST! Normally smaller than their host. Ex. Dogs with fleas Sea lamprey and fish • Question • What type of symbiotic relationship is illustrated? – A. Mutualism – B. Commensalism – C. Parasitism • Question • What type of symbiotic relationship is illustrated? – A. Mutualism – B. Commensalism – C. Parasitism • Question • What type of symbiotic relationship is illustrated? – A. Mutualism – B. Commensalism – C. Parasitism • Question • What type of symbiotic relationship is illustrated? – A. Mutualism – B. Commensalism – C. Parasitism PICTURES! HOOKWORMS • • Wuchereria bancrofti: Filariasis A. Epidemiology: Found in all tropical regions, (Brugia only in certain areas of Asia). Mosquito vector varies. Over 250 million people infected worldwide. Humans are the definitive hosts. B. Mode of transmission: Female mosquito (esp. Anopheles and Culex sp.) deposits infective larvae on the skin while taking a blood meal. Since the adult worms do not multiply in humans and larvae do not multiply in mosquitoes, disease severity depends on the number larvae-transmitting bites an individual receives. C. Clinical manifestations: Early infections are asymptomatic. Later, fever, lymphangitis and cellulitis develop. Nocturnal periodicity of microfilariae present in the blood dictates when blood samples are drawn. D. Pathology: Larvae penetrate the skin and migrate to the lymph nodes. When mature, adults produce microfilariae which circulate in the blood and are ingested by mosquitoes to complete the cycle. Edema in the legs and genitalia results from obstruction. Elephantiasis occurs in patients who have been repeatedly infected over long periods of time. E. Laboratory diagnosis: Thick blood smears (samples drawn at night) reveal microfilariae. Serologic tests are not useful. F. Treatment and Prevention: Diethylcarbamazine is only effective against microfilariae (Ivermectin used also). No therapy for adult worms. Prevention involves mosquito control (insecticides, repellents, netting and protective clothing). Disfiguration caused by the edema cannot be reversed. • • Onchocerca volvulus: Agent of River Blindness A. Epidemiology: Africa, Central, and South America. Over 40 million people infected. B. Mode of transmission: The bite of the blackfly transmits infective larvae that migrate into the subcutaneous tissue. Onchocerciasis is also called “river blindness” because the backflies that transmit the disease develop in rivers and most infected individuals live near these waterways. C. Clinical manifestations: Pruritic nodules and papules form due to the host inflammatory response to adult worm proteins. Dermatitis, inflammatory lesions such as keratitis, iritis and chorioretinitis and eosinophilia result. D. Pathology: Female adult worms produce microfilariae that migrate through the subcutaneous tissue. Fibrous nodules develop around the adult worms, especially over the iliac crests. Microfilariae concentrate in the eyes, causing lesions that can lead to blindness. Some lymphatic obstruction has been documented, esp. in Africa. Elephantiasis results. E. Laboratory diagnosis: No serology or blood smears done, since filariae are never blood-borne. Biopsy of affected skin reveals microfilariae. F. Treatment and Prevention: Ivermectin is effective against microfilariae. No therapy for adult worms. Prevention involves vector control (insecticides, repellents, netting and protective clothing). Ivermectin is preventative as well. WARNING!!!!! A PARTICLE OF DUST IN THE EYE. OR SO THEY THOUGHT! Symbiosis Quiz Commensalism, Parasitism or Mutualism? 1. In this type of symbiotic relationship one organism benefits while the other organism neither benefits or is harmed. 2. In this type of symbiotic relationship both organisms benefit. 3. In this type of symbiotic relationship one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed. 4. True or False? Parasites often kill their hosts? 5. What type of relationship occurs between the sea anemone and the clown fish? 6. What type of relationship occurs between a butterfly and the flower? BONUS: What does the word symbiosis mean? Warm Up 1. Give one example of an abiotic factor. 2. _________ are animals that are both carnivores and herbivores. 3. Which of the following is does not represent a population? a. All the tree frogs in Houston. b. All the grass frogs in a pond in central park New York City. c. All the frogs in Texas. #1 Answer to #1 Answer #2 Answer #3 #4 4. Which is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane. b. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes. c. The cells of prokaryotes contain cytoplasm. d. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic reticulum. #5 #6 #7 #8 Warm Up: Vocabulary 1. Give 2 examples of an abiotic factor. 2. T/F Populations are made up of only one species? 3. T/F Communities are made up of only one species? 4. T/F My niche as a teacher is room 227. Warm Up #3 • You do not need to copy this on your paper. •You have 8 minutes to STUDY for your Food Chains Quiz!!!!!!!!!! • Get out your own sheet of paper and something to write with. Warm Up #4 • What is the ultimate source of energy for all food chains? • Define omnivore. • What percent of energy does the plant store from the sun? • How much of that energy is passed on to each trophic level? Test today!!!!! • You have 8 minutes to study. • After your 8 minutes is up place your review sheet only upside down under your desk. • If you talk during the first part of the exam you will lose the privilege to use your review sheet • You may only use your review sheet!!!