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Transcript
Ecology Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5 Ecology…. study of the interactions things with each other and with their environment of living BIO-TIC FACTORS/COMPONENTS – living or once living things A-BIO-TIC FACTORS/COMPONENETS – the physical, nonliving environment In this scene,… What is biotic? What is abiotic? Biotic or Abiotic? • • • • • • • • Feathers Rocks Soil Water Grasses Fungi Bones Temperature Habitat and Niche habitat – address of organism; where an organism lives niche – job of an organism; role(s) it plays in its environment What is the niche and habitat of each bird? Indigo Bunting Is it the same for each? Eastern Bluebird Scarlet Tanager In a field ecosystem what are some…. biotic factors? abiotic factors? niches? habitats? Levels of Organization - Hierarchy of Life • Organism: (simplest level): a single living things SPECIES - structurally similar organisms that naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring • Population: all the members of a single species in a given area • Community: all the different living things in a given area • Ecosystem: composed of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area • Biome: ecosystems having a characteristic climate and characteristic organisms • Biosphere (broadest/largest level): includes all areas of the Earth where life exists BIOSPHERE All areas of the Earth where life exists Community Interactions (interactions between the species living in an area) • Competition • Predation • Symbiotic Relationships (symbioses) – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism COMPETITION • Results from niche overlap • Organisms compete for food, water, mates and habitat • Competitive Exclusion may occur: where one species is eliminated What would these zebra compete for? PREDATION Results when….. • 1 individual kills another (predator) • 1 individual is killed (prey) • One way that natural selection occurs Examples… hawk snake lion gazelle fox rabbit Anti-Predator Adaptations or Defenses Almost all organisms are vulnerable to predation , therefore, developing adaptations that serve as defenses are an advantage…such as… – Camouflage – Mimicry – Warning Coloration – Protective Coverings – Secondary Compounds CAMOUFLAGE coloration or patterns that blend in with the surroundings MIMICRY a harmless species resembles (copies) a venomous or distasteful species Warning Coloration characteristic of a poisonous or unpalatable organism serves to warn off potential predators Protective Coverings intended to protect from damage or injury Secondary Compounds chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, or distasteful Example: poison ivy Types of Symbioses… Mutualism…. both organisms benefit Commensalism…. one benefits one is unaffected Parasitism…. one is harmed (HOST) one benefits (PARASITE) PARASITISM ECTO-PARASITES - live outside the host (ticks, fleas, lice) ENDO-PARASITES – live inside the host (bacteria, protists, worms) Hosts have evolved defenses against parasites: • skin, tears, saliva, mucus, …. Parasites have evolved ways to compensate: • tegument, anticoagulants, anesthetics, …. What type of symbiosis? Examine the following slides….is it? Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Acacia Plant and Ants • Ants protect acacia from grazing herbivores • Acacia provides ants with a place to live and nectar at the base of leaf stalks Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp • Moray Eel gets…. a clean mouth • Cleaner Fish gets…. a meal Flower and Bumble Bee • Flower gets pollinated by the bee • Bee gets nectar and pollen from the flower Silverfish and Army Ants some species of silverfish inhabit the nests of army ants and live by scavenging on the refuse of their hosts, but without affecting the ants Cape Buffalo with Egrets • Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass and move around • Egrets hang around and eat insects from cattle and surroundings Tapeworm and Human • Worm infects the human body….. Lichen : Fungus and Alga • Fungi support and protect the algae, allowing it to live in areas usually unsuitable to the algae • Algae provide food through the process of photosynthesis Birds Nesting in a Tree Vampire Finch and Other Birds The vampire finch supplements it s diet by feeding on the blood of other birds by pecking at the skin until they draw blood Clown Fish with Anemone Clown fish gets protection from it predators Sea Anemone gets ? What symbioses is this? What symbioses is this? Heart Worms What symbioses is this? Embedded Tunga fleas What symbioses is this? What symbioses is this? How Living Things Meet Their Energy Needs The energy source for most living things is…. AUTOTROPHS (producers) – can produce their own food and meet their own energy needs auto = “self” troph = “feeder” Autotrophs can be …. photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs (plants, algae, some bacteria) perform….Photosynthesis – which uses light energy to produce carbohydrates /food/fuel Chemoautotrophs (some bacteria) perform…. Chemosynthesis – uses chemical energy to produce carbohydrates/food/fuel Plant Responses (Tropisms) Photo-tropism = response toward light Geo/Gravitropism = response toward gravity Thigmo-tropism = response to pressure or touch HETEROTROPHS (consumers)… cannot produce their food and must consume other living things hetero = “other” troph = “feeder” Many kinds of heterotrophs …. Herbi-vores – feed on plants Carni-vores – feed on animals Omni-vores – feed on plants and animals Detriti-vores – feed on detritus (dead organic matter) includes…worms, beetles Decomposers – break down organic matter and recycle nutrients - includes…bacteria and fungi Energy Flow through an Ecosystem THE SUN producers consumers energy flows in ONE DIRECTION in an ecosystem – from producers to consumers Food Chain a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Food Web the interrelated food chains within an ecosystem TROPHIC LEVEL (“feeding” level) each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level a trophic level indicates an organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers most ecosystems have only 3 or 4 trophic levels Is this a food chain or a food web? How many trophic levels are in the diagram? • producers – Make food • primary (1st order) consumers – Eat producers • secondary (2nd order) consumers – Eat producers and primary consumers • tertiary (3rd order) consumers – Eat producers, primary, and secondary consumers • quaternary (4th order) consumers –Eat producers, primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers Trophic levels can be represented with an ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID which shows the relative amounts of MATTER AND ENERGY contained within each level Ecological Pyramids used to represent the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level ENERGY PYRAMID BIOMASS PYRAMID PYRAMID OF NUMBERS Energy Pyramid • shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level • only about 10 % of the energy available at each level is transferred to the next • about 90% of the energy at each level is lost as heat or is used in life processes …. –such as digestion, running, eating, respiration, maintaining temperature, sleeping,…. Biomass Pyramid represents the amount of biomass (living organic matter) at each trophic level represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level typically, the greatest biomass is at the bottom of the pyramid Pyramid of Numbers represents the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level Bio-geo-chemical Cycle (life-earth-chemical cycle) elements, chemical compounds and other forms of matter MUST BE RECYCLED and are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through a bio-geo-chemical cycle The Water Cycle (also called the hydrologic cycle) movement of water between the ocean, atmosphere, land (GEO) and living things (BIO) Evaporation – water changes from liquid to gas Transpiration – water loss (evaporation) from plants Perspiration – water loss (evaporation) from animals Condensation – formation of liquid water from water vapor Precipitation – water returns to Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet or hail IMPORTANCE OF WATER… Carbon(& Oxygen) Cycle cycling of C and O between the various components of the biosphere – organisms, air, water, land,…(BIO-GEO) Important processes in this cycle…. • Decomposition • Combustion • (Cellular) Respiration • Photosynthesis Importance of carbon and oxygen - key ingredient in all living things C, H, O, N Nitrogen Cycle cycling of N between living things (BIO) and atmosphere, land, water (GEO) Nitrogen Fixation – conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia performed by some bacteria Denitrification – conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas performed by some bacteria Assimilation – to incorporate (N or other substances) into cells and tissues all organisms require N to make amino acids which in turn are used to make proteins (in protein synthesis) Phosphorus Cycle cycling of P between living organism (BIO) and rocks, soil and ocean sediments (GEO) unlike water, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen - phosphorus does not usually enter the atmosphere phosphorus is essential to living things because it is an important component of DNA and RNA Important processes in this cycle… Leaching, Mining, Erosion, Weathering (Biological) Community… • all living things in the same area at same time Communities Limiting Factor - biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of an organism Examples of limiting factors… food, water, habitat, disease, fire and other natural disasters,…. Ecological Succession changes in a community over time • occurs when a new land area is exposed or when an existing land area is disturbed Ecological Succession Pioneer Community – first community Seral Community(ies) – intermediate communities Climax Community – final community that reestablishes itself The climax community of North Georgia is a deciduous forest. The climax community of southern Arizona is a desert. Primary Succession occurs on new land areas or areas where no soil exists (soil formation must occur) EXAMPLES - volcanic islands, bare rock, glacier melting,… Pioneer Species • the first species to inhabit an area • mosses + lichens • What is a lichen? Secondary Succession occurs when an existing community had been disturbed Latitude affects climate… Latitude = distance (N or S) from the equator • low latitudes (near the equator) receive direct sunlight • high latitudes (near the poles) receive indirect sunlight Climate = average conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area • is most affected by the angle of sunlight (DUE TO LATITUDE) CLIMATE average conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region What is our climate? What is Alaska’s climate? WEATHER day to day conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place What was the weather on Thanksgiving Day? Greenhouse Effect • natural phenomenon • heat is retained (TRAPPED) by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere • keeps the planet warm • makes life on Earth possible Some scientists believe that an ….. ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT is causing GLOBAL WARMING; other disagree In summary… Latitude determines climate Climate determines weather Weather determines precipitation Precipitation determines flora (plant life) Flora determines fauna (animal life) BIOME large geographical area having… characteristic temperature range and precipitation characteristic plants and animals TERRESTRIAL (land) BIOMES TUNDRA TAIGA or BOREAL FOREST or CONIFEROUS FOREST TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST TEMPERATE GRASSLAND TROPICAL GRASSLAND OR TROPICAL SAVANNA DESERT – hot or cold TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Tundra • • • • • • Cold & treeless Covers 1/5 of world’s land Little precipitation (mostly frozen) Flora: Small, slow growing plants (grass, moss, sedge) Permafrost: permanently frozen soil under surface Summer: boggy ponds (because of melting snow and ice & different fauna Fauna…caribou, arctic fox, snowy owl, musk ox Tundra Taiga (or Boreal Forest or Coniferous Forest) • south of the tundra; in the N hemisphere • Flora: cone-bearing, evergreen trees - CONIFERS (pines, hemlocks, spruces, junipers, firs) Fauna…moose, grizzly bear, wolf Taiga (or Boreal Forest or Coniferous Forest) Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest • Trees that lose their leaves are found here = deciduous trees • Warmer winter, longer summers = temperate • Flora: birch, oak, maple, beech, dogwood, & some evergreens *you live in this biome Fauna… fox, squirrel, WT deer, raccoon, black bear, coyote Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Grassland • • • • • Also known as prairies (“the bread basket”) Dominated by grasses Less rainfall, so not too many tall trees Rich, fertile soil Flora: corn, wheat, potatoes, many other cereal grains Fauna… coyote, gopher, bison, antelope Temperate Grassland Tropical Grassland AKA Tropical Savanna Tropical Grassland • can be in tropical or subtropical regions • Flora: Mainly grasslands with scattered trees & shrubs Fauna… lots of herbivores (zebra, giraffe, gazelle) as well as carnivores (lions, leopards, cheetahs) Tropical Grassland Desert can be hot or cold; we will focus on hot deserts • Less than 10 inches (25 cm) rainfall per year • Can be cold because of the low humidity (moisture) • Sparse vegetation that have adaptations for the dry conditions – waxy coating, water storage, transpire @ night, thorns on exterior for protection • Flora: cacti, Joshua trees, creosote,… Fauna… kit foxes, snakes, lizards, road runners,… Deserts Tropical Rainforest most productive biome – GREATEST BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY = the variety of living things in an area 3 kinds of biodiversity species, ecosystem, genetic • most of world’s species live here • warm year round • little variation in temperature Tropical Rainforest • Canopy - formed from a continuous layer of treetops that shades the forest floor • Precipitation: 100 + inches per year; rains almost daily • Flora: lilies, orchids, vines, broad-leaved trees, ferns,… • Fauna: sloth, birds, monkeys, beetles, butterflies… scarlet macaw marmoset Tropical Rain Forests Aquatic/Water Ecosystems are determined by water chemistry (pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen,…) depth, flow and temperature Aquatic Ecosystems SALTWATER - includes marine areas and salt lakes - these areas contain a higher percentage of dissolved salt Marine areas include…oceans, coral reefs, bays, gulfs, seas • these areas make up 97.5% of water on Earth Aquatic Ecosystems FRESHWATER AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS - contain little dissolved salt - Include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds,… - make up only 2.5% of water on Earth - most freshwater is “tied up” in glaciers and polar ice caps GROUNDWATER… water found under ground There are transitional aquatic ecosystems where saltwater and freshwater merge…. wetlands and estuaries Estuary - wetlands formed where rivers (fresh water) meet salt water • these areas are affected by the rise and fall of tides • are usually shallow • serve as spawning and nurseries for many aquatic species Population Density The number of individuals in a given area Factors that may affect population density…. Density independent factor – affects a population regardless of the density of the population – usually abiotic; weather events… examples Density dependent factor – affects a population on the basis of the number of organisms – predation, competition, parasitism, disease,… More population density factors… • Immigration – movement of individuals into an area • Emigration – movement of individuals out of an area Carrying Capacity – the number of individuals that can be supported by a given area (even a grocery bag has a carrying capacity) Human population growth is causing… • • • • severe overcrowding in areas An increase in energy demands A need for increased food supply and waste disposal very rapid ecological change (habitat destruction, overhunting, introduction of diseases) * The population tripled from 1930-2000 and is expected to double again from 2000-2050