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Chapter 10
Ecosystems
Section 1: Living Things and the
Environment
• The study of how living things interact with
each other and their environment is called
ecology.
• An ecosystem is made up of the living things
in an area, and their nonliving surroundings.
Habitat
• A habitat is where an organism lives and finds
the things it needs to live, grow, and
reproduce.
Biotic Factors
• A biotic factor is a living part of a habitat.
– Plants
– Animals
– Seed, nuts, berries
– Worms, fungi, bacteria
Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are nonliving parts of an
organism’s habitat:
– Water
– Sunlight
– Oxygen and other gases
– Temperature and weather
– Soil and rocks
4 Levels of Organization
• 1. The biggest level is the ecosystem or biome,
which includes biotic and abiotic factors.
4 Levels of Organization
• 2. The next biggest is community, all the the
living things in an area.
4 Levels of Organization
• 3. Next is population, all the members of one
species (can mate and reproduce) in an area.
4 Levels of Organization
• 4. The smallest level is an organism, or
individual living thing.
Levels of Organization Ladder
• Create a ladder showing the levels of
organization.
–
–
–
–
Lowest rung: organism
2nd rung: population
3rd rung: community
Top rung: ecosystem or biome
– Include a label, the definition, and a drawing for each
rung of your ladder.
– If you finish early, do questions 1-3 on page 396.
Section 2: Populations
• Populations change in size when new
members join the population or when
members leave the population.
Births and deaths
• The birth rate of a population is the number of
births in a population in a certain amount of
time.
Births and deaths
• The death rate is the number of deaths in a
population in a certain amount of time.
The Population Statement
• If birth rate > death rate, population size
increases.
• If death rate > birth rate, population size
decreases.
Immigration and Emigration
• Immigration means moving into a population.
• Emigration means leaving a population.
Limiting Factors
• The largest population that an area can
support is called its carrying capacity.
Limiting Factors
• A limiting factor is an environmental factor
that causes a population to stop growing.
– Food
– Water
– Space
– Light
– Soil
– Weather
Population Graphing
• Complete and turn in the graphing activity.
• If you finish early, do questions 1-3 on page
403 (PQA).
Section 3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Each of the organisms in an ecosystem fills the
energy role of producer, consumer, or
decomposer.
Producer
• An organism that can make its own food is a
producer (plants, algae, bacteria)
Consumer
• A consumer gets energy by eating another
organism.
– Herbivores eat only plants
– Carnivores eat only animals
– Omnivores eat plants and animals
– Scavengers eat dead organisms
Decomposer
• A decomposer breaks down waste and dead
organisms (mushrooms and bacteria)
Food chains and Food webs
• A food chain is a series of events in which one
organism eats another and gets energy
• A food web is made of many food chains put
together.
Energy Pyramid
• A diagram called an
energy pyramid
shows the amount
of energy that
moves from one
feeding level to
another in a food
web.
Create a food web
• Follow the directions on your worksheet to cut
and paste the producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
• Draw lines showing the flow of energy FROM
producers TO consumers.
• Don’t forget to include the sun!
Section 4: Interactions Among Living
Things
• Every organism has a variety of adaptations
that are suited to its specific living conditions.
• An adaptation is a behavior or physical
characteristic that allow organisms to be
successful
Predation
• An interaction in which one organism kills
another for food is called predation.
– The organism that does the killing is the predator.
– The organism that is killed is the prey.
3 Types of Symbiosis
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
species that benefits at least one of the
species.
3 Types of Symbiosis
• 1. A relationship in which both species benefit
is called mutualism. (saguaro and bat)
3 Types of Symbiosis
• 2. A relationship in which one species benefits
and the other is not affected is commensalism
(hawk and saguaro)
3 Types of Symbiosis
• 3. Parasitism involves one organism living on
or inside another organism and harming it.
– The organism that benefits is the parasite (tick)
– The organism it lives on is the host (dog)
Create a food web
• You will be assigned an ecosystem.
• Look at the animals and plants included.
• Draw a food web showing how they are
connected.
• Draw lines showing the flow of energy.
• Include the sun and decomposers.
Section 5: Cycles of Matter
• Matter in an ecosystem is transferred from
one organism to another and to the
environment in a cycle.
Water Cycle
• The processes of evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation make up the water cycle.
The Carbon Cycle
• Plants use carbon dioxide gas to make sugar
and oxygen.
• Animals use oxygen and sugar to make carbon
dioxide gas.
The Oxygen Cycle
• Plants make oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Animals use oxygen when they breathe and
move.
The Nitrogen Cycle
• In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the
air to the soil, into living things, and back into
the air.
• The process of changing free nitrogen into a
useable form of nitrogen is called nitrogen
fixation and is done by bacteria.
Illustrate the cycles 4 square
• Using your notes and the textbook for
guidance, create a 4 square showing the
following cycles:
– Water
– Carbon
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
Section 6: Changes in Communities
• The series of predictable changes that occur in
a community over time is called succession.
Primary Succession
• Primary succession is the series of changes
that occur in an area where no soil or
organisms exist. (volcanic eruption)
• The first species to populate the area are
called pioneer species.
Secondary Succession
• Secondary succession is the series of changes
that occur in an area where the ecosystem has
been disturbed, but where soil and organisms
still exist (forest fire).
Succession Video
• Write down 10 facts you learned (or already
knew) while watching this video.
Chapter 10 Review
• Write and answer questions 1-10 on page 429
• Complete the questions on the back of the
worksheet.
• Answer questions 11-25 on page 430. PQA
and do these in your notebooks.