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DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS Organization of Organisms Diversity The vast diversity of living things is astounding! Biologists study _____________ between organisms in order to _____________ them Diversity within species is important to the species _______________ Humans depend on the Earth’s ____________ for food and products Biodiversity Biodiversity is the __________ of all living organisms -- including animal and plant species -- of the _______ of all these organisms Biodiversity makes up the structure of the ecosystems and habitats that support essential living resources, including wildlife, fisheries and forests. Helps provide for basic human needs such as ______________ ____________________________ Why do Scientists Classify Organisms? Is _________ million kinds of organisms on Earth! Need to keep them organized Classification: Classification of Living Organisms Biologists use ______________ and ___________ to organize organisms Sexual reproduction maintains ________________ which provides a greater diversity of genotypes that can survive environmental changes; in turn ensuring a __________________________! Diversity of Species Taxonomy About 2300 years ago _____________ first started to group animals according to their habitat Aristotle observed animals____________, _________, types of ______________ and observed similarities and differences He used the differences to divide them into smaller _______________ In 1665 when the microscope was discovered, many varieties of microscopic organisms were discovered Taxonomy Now, there were lots of organisms and the need for an effective _________________ became evident John Ray in the 17th century was first to use the word _______ (organisms of similar shape and size) Linnean System of Classification Carolus Linnaeus simplified classification by the 18th century He used _______________________that is still used today When classifying, each organism receives a ___________________________________ First part of any scientific name is called the ______, the second part of called the _______ The language used is _________ which was used by scholars at that time Linnean System of Classification Example: genus species Often instead of repeating the genus we used the initial Example: Escherichia coli becomes _____________ Please note the genus is always _____________ and the species is ________. System of Classification There are 7 levels or _______ of classification. Taxa are used to group organisms by their ___________________according to ___________ and/or ______________________. Remember the first letter of this sentence: There are 7 Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Levels of Classification Think of the classification system as an upside down pyramid. The Kingdom is the largest part and can hold the greatest number of organisms such as all the animals or all the plants. As you move down the pyramid each level or ‘room’ gets smaller; it can hold fewer and fewer organisms. However, the members have more traits in common and begin to look alike. The species is the smallest ‘room’ in the classification system and is only large enough for one kind of organism – only humans, only houseflies, etc. Levels of Classification Housefly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera Family Muscidae Genus Musca Species domestica Human Dichotomous Keys A ______ allowing a scientist to determine the identity of species – a means of ____________ any living species on Earth Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the _______________________________ Dichotomous means ‘divided into _________________’ So, dichotomous keys always give _ choices in each step Classify: shoe, burger, belt, celery, fries This can also be drawn in a Classification Tree: Objects Clothing Fits on Feet Shoes Fits around waist Belt Not Clothing Vegetable Green Celery Meat Burger Not Green Fries Kingdoms Before we learn exactly how biologists classify different organisms, we’re going to learn about the first taxa level: the ________________ There are ___ Kingdoms for all organisms Before We Examine the Kingdoms... Remember the CELL????? Let’s Review: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes A type of cell A type of cell Simple cell; were here first and for billions of years Complex cell; evolved from a prokaryotelike ancestor Are extremely successful as organisms Many are successful; some organisms made of eukaryotic cells become extinct Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ions and ribosomes, floating freely inside the cell membrane Cytoplasm has suspended membrane – surrounded organelles such as a nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles and ribosomes DNA has no membrane separating this area from the rest of the cell Is a ‘true’ nucleus surrounded by a membrane that contains DNA. A nucleolus contains RNA. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Kingdom Eubacteria Have classified ______________of 4 000 000 Are ______________________ Found everywhere; often called ‘true bacteria’ Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in ______________ conditions and volcanoes The __________________ of life Are ______________________ Only realized to be different from Eubacteria in ______ due to advances in genetics Kingdom Protista Single celled __________________ 115 000 species, all very _____________ in cell structures, patterns of nutrition, reproduction and habitats A ‘____________’ of organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms! Some are animal-like, fungus-like or plant-like Examples of Protista Zooflagellates are _____________________ Sleeping sickenss is caused by a parasitic zooflagellate called ____________________________ Humans contract the disease if ___________ by a tsetse fly infected with it Once inside, zooflagellate multiplies in the bloodstream, destryoing ______________ and attacking other tissue Symptoms: ______________________ Disease can be fatal Smear of Trypanosoma gambiensis Examples of Protista ____________is a plant-like protista Resemble plants because they have ____________ Some species are single celled, others are multicellular Algae perform __________ of all photosynthesis on Earth = free oxygen Plant-Protista Debate Some algae can be classified as both Depends on how ‘_____________’ are defined But most plants have adaptations for living on land (______________) and all multicellular algae are marine; they don’t have these _____________ Algae are therefore considered ____________ Kingdom Fungi _____________ that build cell walls but not with cellulose like plants: ______________________!!! No __________________; they depend on ______ organisms for nutrients Examples: Examples of Fungi Kingdom Plantae Unicellular, mostly ______________ organisms; ____________________ Cell walls contain __________________ (a complex carbohydrate that forms the main part of plant cell walls) Have _________________ (an organelle present in algae and plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis) & carry out _____________ Examples of Plantae Kingdom Animalia Multicellular organisms; _________________ Have cell membranes not ___________________ Cells are organized into ____________________ (e.g. – respiratory or digestive system) Divided into ______________ (backbone) and ____________________ (no backbone) Examples of Animals
