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Transcript
Ecology Ecology (oikos – House or place where one lives and logos – study of) Ecology: the study of interactions between organisms & their environment Organization of Life Organism population community ecosystem Biome Biosphere Organization of Life All living matter can be organized SMALLEST--> LARGEST. Ecology deals with the levels Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biome Biosphere Organism Organism: individual living thing Scientists study daily movements, feeding, or breeding behaviors. Ex A deer A Parasite Population Population: group of organisms of one type that live in the same area. Compete for food, water, mates, and other resources Resources determine how big/small a population is Ecologists may study effects of populations of organisms on environment Also study growth rates of populations and predict future populations Ex Many deer Rabbits Endangered species Community Community: Populations that live together in a defined area All organisms in a community depend on other organisms living there. Ecologists are concerned with effects on community when a new species is added or removed. Ex Hawks go up then mice go down Ecosystem Ecosystem: community & its nonliving surroundings. Ecologists are concerned with ecosystem stability and knowing what keeps ecosystems stable. Ex Rain forest Biome Biome: A group of ecosystems that make up a specific region for species to live Similar climate Temperature Elevation Rainfall Biosphere The biosphere is the highest level of organization. Biosphere: made up of entire planet & all its living & nonliving parts Ecologists are concerned with all interactions within the biosphere. Living environment= Biotic factors Living things are found in air, on land, in both fresh and salt water Biosphere is portion of Earth that supports life Biotic factors= all living organisms found on Earth. Abiotic: nonliving things on Earth Environment--write down 3 ex Air currents Temperature Moisture Light Soil How Organisms interact Key terms- Autotroph, heterotroph, scavenger, decomposer, symbiosis, commensalisms, mutualism, parasitism, food chain, trophic levels, and food web Species Feeding Relationships Producer/Autotroph: make their own food from sun Ex: plant, tree, fern Heterotrophs= eat others for food/nutrients "I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!" herbivores Herbivores: eat plants, Vegetarian! Squirrel, rabbit Omnivores and decomposers Omnivores- energy from meat & plants "What shall I eat today...meat or veggies....." Examples=me, mouse, bacteria Decomposers: break down/ absorb nutrients from dead organisms. Ex: Fungus, mushrooms Carnivores and Scavengers Carnivore= meat eaters Heterotrophs which eat other heterotrophs Example=lion Scavenger: gets energy from dead organism (doesn’t kill-stealer) They play a beneficial role in ecosystem. Clean up dead animals Example=vulture Matter & Energy in Ecosystems 2 laws for ecosystem function. 1) Flow of Energy 2) Cycling of nutrients Food Chains Food Chain: model used to show how matter & energy move through an ecosystem. Nutrients and energy go from autrotroph--> heterotroph-->decomposers. Food chains consist of 3-5 links Never 6, b/c amount of energy left by the 5th is only a small fraction from the 1st. Algae Fish Heron Alligator Trophic levels represent links of the food chain. trophic level: feeding step for each organism in a food chain, energy lost with each step A food chain represents only one possible route for transfer of matter & energy Many other routes exist. 4th trophic level Top Carnivores 3rd order consumers Heterotrophs 3rd tropic level Omnivores & small carnivores 2nd order consumers heterotrophs 2nd trophic level Herbivores 1st order consumers heterotrophs 1st trophic Level Autotrophs producers Food Webs Food Web: interconnected food chains. Many plants & animals involved. A food web gives all possible feeding relationships at a trophic level in a community. More natural then food chains… why? Pyramid of Energy Illustrates that energy decreases at each succeeding trophic level. The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about 10%. What happens to the other 90%? 1 10 100 1000 Pyramid of Energy Top Carnivores Carnivores Herbivores Producers Pyramid of Numbers Hawk 1 Robins 10 Grasshopper 100 Grass 1000 Notice the relationship between aerobic cellular respiration and phot Community Interactions Where and how organisms live Every species has a particular function in its community Niche: role a species plays in a community space, food, and weather, & any other condition an organism needs to survive and reproduce are part of it’s niche Ex Fungi= break down of organic matter Coyotes= keep rodents down Habitat A place where organism lives Ex bird in trees Prairie dog in grassland burrows Several species share habitats, the food, shelter and other resources of that habitat Symboitic relationships (living together) Competition Interaction between organisms trying to obtain the same source Harms both Darwin Theory of natural selection 1) populations have ability to increase size 2) Resources are limited 3) Competition will arise 4) Natural Selection: the strongest (fittest) will survive 5) Survivors traits passed on to offspring 6) There will be change over time-evolution Commensalism One species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Org A-helped, B-no effect Barnacles on a whale Do not harm or help whale Barnacles benefit because constant moving water source Commensalism Spanish moss flowering plant that drapes itself on the branches of trees Orchids can grow on the moss The trees are not harmed or helped but the moss and the orchids have a place to live. Predator vs prey “Predation” One organism hunts another for food Predators- hunt for food Prey- organism that predator eats A(predator) benefit, B (prey) killed Fox hunts & kills rabbit Predator vs prey Although the praying mantis generally eats insects and small tree frogs, the female will devour part of her own mate. Commonly found in tropical and warm temperate climates, the mantis was introduced into the United States to help control certain insect populations. Mutualism: both species benefit whale shark & tiny fish: has small fish that live in its mouth & clean debris from its teeth. The shark gets a free cleaning and the fish get lunch Mutualism The hippopotamus & little birds: has little birds that live on its back which eat insects off hippo & hippo does not get bitten Mutualism Lichens=mixture of algae & fungus Algae produces food lichen requires (by photosynthesis), fungus absorbs vital nutrients & water for algae. Parasitism one organism benefits at expense of another Example Tapeworm: parasitic worm that infests intestinal lining no mouth or digestive tract, able to absorb partially digested material through their body surface. Parasite vs Host Feeds on host Lives on body of host Depends on host for life processes Is fed on Larger the host is the more parasites it can support May become ill or die from parasite Parasites Sheep Tick Carnivorous, feeding on the blood of various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including human beings. Parasites The chigger has three pairs of legs as a larva and four pairs as a nymph and an adult. Chiggers are parasitic on warm-blooded animals. As larvae they cling to vegetation and attach themselves to any animal that brushes against them. Summary of symbiotic relationships Relationship Description Harmful vs helpful Example Predator & prey One animal eats another One is helped one is killed Cat eating a mouse Parasitism One animals One is helped feeds off another one is drained of resources or killed Tick living off a deer Commensalism One species benefits from another One is helped one is not phased Barnacles and a whale Mutualism Both rely on each other Both are helped Flower and insect H2O Cycle How can carbon move? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 HEAT PRESSURE #6 The Adventures of Carbon! #6 #1 #3 #4 #2 #5 Carbon of Life-formulas Carbon Cycle How does our contribution to C cycle effect our environment? Besides breathing, how do we put C back in atmosphere? Combustion of fossil fuels *Combustion of fossil fuels in atmosphere creates ACID RAIN. Ecology of Populations Terms Population ecology: study of how & why populations change Demographics: study of human populations Factors that determine population change 1) Births 2) Deaths 3) Immigration: movement “in” a population 4) Emigration: movement “out’ of a population Increase or decrease? Births & immigration > deaths & emigration? Deaths & emigration > births & immigration Populations DO NOT experience linear growth They experience __?____ growth Bacteria: J-shaped curve Bacterial cells divide every 20 Bacterial minutes!!!cells divide every 20 min!!! Bacterial Growth Rapid growth: more bacteria & more offspring Beginning growth, pop established Assumption for graph above: 1) unlimited resources 2) no death 3) all bacteria reproducing If so, 1 cell=Earth in 7 ft in 48 hrs! exponential growth meets real world The leveling off of a population results in a “s” shaped curve J vs. S Fluctuations: inc & dec of pop Limits on population growth Limiting factor: regulates size of a population (limit pop growth) 2 kinds of limiting factors Density dependent factors Density independent factors 2 Types of Limiting factors Density Dependant: factors that depend on density of a population EX food, shelter, water, mates. Density Independent: factors that do not depend on density of a population EX: Temp, Storms, Floods, Drought, Weather Population Dynamics Population dynamics: study of composition, # of individuals, & factors that cause change Purpose for pop dynamic study 1) observe effects of environmental change/impact on populations 2) Use pops as environmental quality indicator 3) Determine if threatened or endangered 4) Understand pop interactions Two Factors which cause change Density dependent: food, shelter, water Density Independent: weather, temperature Birth Rate: # of young produced in a given time Factors that affect population birth rate: 1) # of births 2) time between births 3) Age of 1st reproduction-sexual maturity 4) Amount & quality of food Death Rate Death Rate: # of deaths in population in a given time AKA “mortality rate” Age & sex specific Sex Ratio Sex ratio: distribution or # of males & females within population Typical sex ratio: 50/50, when uneven affects population Mating systems effect Monogamy: 1 partner for a breeding season or multiple breeding seasons 90% of birds are monogomous Polygamy: 2+ mates each season Deer, lions Age Structure Examining individuals at each age level Prereproductive 0-14 Reproductive 14-44 Postreproductive 45+ Age Structure Diagrams Human Impact Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction: process of damaging/destroying habitat; cannot support organism Biodiversity: variety of life on Earth Habitat Destruction Urbanization: increasing population/ growth of city into rural areas Deforestation: clearance of naturally occurring forests (logging, burning). Invasive species: Non-native species of plants/animals that out-compete native species in a habitat. Global Warming Global warming: theory that world's avg temp is increasing due to burning of fossil fuels Results in higher atmospheric concentrations of gases (CO2) Global warming Greenhouse effect: warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by atm, outgoing thermal radiation blocked by atmosphere EX: your car in summer Global Warming Greenhouse gases: vapors in lower atmosphere that reflect solar radiation back to earth: Water, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), ozone Global Warming Effects *Polar icecap melting, so sea levels rise animals habitat changing (endangering, extinction?) *Weather changes (hurricanes from warm air) Ozone Depletion Dfn: reduction of protective layer in upper atm by chemical pollution. Pollutant: Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) Effects: skin cancer, cataracts, plant disease, marine life disruption (phytoplankton reduced 6-8%) Acid Deposition transfer of acids (or acid-forming substances) from atm to Earth's surface AKA? Acid rain Effects: slowly destroys plant life, erodes buildings Natural Resource Use How do we directly effect natural resources? Deforestation, housing How do we indirectly effect natural resources? Green yard creates green pond Natural Resource Use Growing fruits/veggies? You may want some pesticides! Pesticide: chemical used to kill pests (rodent /insects) Bioaccumulation: accumulation of substances in an organism (pesticides, organic chemicals) Bioaccumulation Chemical gathers in organism faster than it can be broken down DDT: dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane bug spray Effects: bird lays on egg & it cracks.