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. Study of life Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life Characteristics of Life Scientific Methodology Investigate: Interdependencies between organisms Interactions with environment: biotic and abiotic factors 1.1 Why Study Biology? Understand our world Make it better Advance medicine Protect its future TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Despite covering only 6% of our planet's surface…… ………over half of the earth's animal, insect species, and flora live there. FACTS 1.) Once covered 14% of the world but now cover a mere 6%! 2.) One and a half acres of the rainforest are destroyed each second! 3.) We lose 137 plants, animal and insect species/day. About 50,000/yr! 25 % of modern medicines originate here. The leaves of this plant , foxglove, contain digitalis, a substance used to treat heart problems. 4). 1 out of every 4 ingredients in our medicines is from the rainforest. For example, more than 70 percent of the plants known to produce compounds with anticancerous properties live in rainforests They regulate our climate. How Do You Study Life? Study interactions— Biotic and abiotic Honeybees, flowers, pollination,plant reproduces, provides oxygen, provides food CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS (Organism) 1. Cell (s) 2. Displays Organization 3. Grows & Develops 4. Reproduces 5. Responds to Stimuli 6. Requires Energy 7. Maintains homeostasis 8. Adaptations evolve over time 1. Cells Basic unit of life One or more 2. Displays Organization Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to organs to organ systems to organism Each organized structure has specific function Fig. 1.5a, p. 6 (see next slide) (see previous slide) Fig. 1.5b, p. 6 3. Grows and Develops Growth: add mass More cells & new structures. Organisms increase in size and complexity Development: all the changes throughout a lifetime. . such as a HUMMINGBIRD… ….. Almost ready to hatch!! Growing…growing… 4. Reproduces Pass traits to offspring Continuation of the species Species__________ Organisms reproduce their own kind. 5. Respond to Stimuli Stimulus: Causes some reaction external or internal Response Reaction to a stimulus The speed of the response may be “fast” or “slow”. Even bacteria sense and respond. 6. Requires Energy Required for all life processes Organisms are “open” systems, they must continually take in energy. 7.Maintains Homeostasis “homeo” = same “stasis” =state Maintain stable internal environment\within tolerable limits. 8. Adaptations Evolve over time Inherited changes Occur over time Help species survive 1.2 The Nature of Science Theory: Explanation of a natural phenomenon Supported by many experiments and observations Pseudoscience: not science-based 1.3 methods of Science Scientific Method Logical, objective approach to investigating a problem, or attempt to explain observations. Forming a hypothesis Hypothesis: A testable explanation of a situation Serendipity: the occurrence of unexpexted, but fortunate results Penicillin Post-it-notes Collect the Data Experiment Controlled setting Testing of a hypothesis 1. Controlled Experiments A) Control Group: basis of comparison B) Experimental Group: exposed to factor being tested. 2. Experimental Design Only one factor can be changed at a time A) Independent Variable: B) Dependent Variable: The tested factor What is measured (measures the effect of the Independent variable). C) Constant: factor (s) that remain fixed 3. Data Gathering Quantitative: numerical Qualitative: what our senses detect mass, temperature, linear measure, volume Flavor, color, smell 4. Investigations When a controlled experiment is not possible Involves Observations Can’t be completely controlled Behavior Analyze the Data Has my hypothesis been _________? Do I need more data? Do I need to change my procedure? Replicate Experiment to ________ findings. Lastly—Report Conclusions Review Scientific Method The Scientific Method Parts of the Scientific Method Identify an unknown. Make a hypothesis (a testable prediction). Experiment to test the hypothesis. Draw a valid conclusion. Data Observations are also called data. There are two types of data. qualitative data quantitative data descriptions; no numbers measurements; must have numbers Controlled Experiments Only one condition is changed at a time. The Independent Variable: The condition that changed or manipulated. The Dependent Variable: What you are measuring. A Controlled Experiment? Control Experiment Practice 1.) State Your Problem: Will the salt content of my soil impact the growth of the corn plants? 2) Hypothesis: Salt in the soil will have an effect on the growth of my corn plants. 3) Design experiment to test your hypothesis (Procedure & Experiment). Collect data Quantitative qualitative Analyze data Does it support your hypothesis? Theories Explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by _____separate observations; subjected to repeated testing. Have limited certainties Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory A law –facts of nature. Law of Gravity A theory tries to explain why or how something happens; supported by many separate investigations. Cell Theory Atomic Theory No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; A single experiment can prove me wrong." - Einstein Unit 1: ECOLOGY Chapter 2 . Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Ecology: Study… Organisms and their environment. . Relationships among living organisms Interaction with their environment Biosphere The portion of the Earth that supports life From High in the atmosphere To the bottom of the ocean Components of the Biosphere Biotic Factors: Living Abiotic Factors: Nonliving Organisms are adapted to surviving in the abiotic factors in their natural environment. Abiotic factors: influence what survives. For Example:Ozone Layer Region 17 to 27 kilometers above sea level in the stratosphere Molecules of ozone absorb most layers of ultraviolet light Protects living organisms from excess exposure to UV light Levels of Organization-used to study these interactions. 1. Individual Organism An individual organism. 2. Population Members of the same species may interbreed living in same place at same time. Compete for…. 3. Biological Community Interacting populations Occupy same geographic area at same time Biological Community Factors Shaping Community Structure Climate and topography Available foods and resources Adaptations of species in community Species interactions Arrival and disappearance of species Physical disturbances Ecosystem A biological Community AND the abiotic factors that affect its make-up. Ecosystem Ecosystems can change Because the animals, plants and abiotic factors within may change. Boundaries somewhat flexible Coral reef A puddle Biome Formed by a group of ecosystems That share the same climate & have similar types of communities Examples: Marine, Fresh Water, Desert Biosphere Highest level of Biological Organization Ecosystems- 2major kinds 1. Terresterial 2. Aquatic Marine (saltwater)--70 % of Earth’s surface Freshwater: ponds, lakes, streams Ecosystems Interactions Habitat-place where org. lives Example: for a bird A single tree A grove of trees Several species may share a habitat Examples: stream, lawn Niche: An organism’s role in its environment How it meets its needs for food, shelter and reproduction. Community Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation Animals Even some plants-Venus Fly Trap 3. Symbiotic Relationships: close relationship between 2 + species that live closely together. 3 Kinds 3 types of Symbiosis COMMENSALISM PARASITISM MUTUALISM One species benefits One species benefits, Both species benefit. AND the other is AND one is harmed— Some obligatory Either unharmed But usually not killed. nor is benefited. Example: Example: Examples: Lichen( fungi & algae) Lichens on a tree ticks, heartworms Parasitism Natural selection favors parasites that do not kill their host too quickly. SYMBIOSIS-What kind is this?? Isn't Symbiosis cool? That's when two different species live together and help each other to survive. <== In this case the tickbird is eating the ticks off the zebra. This partnership feeds the bird and keeps the zebra from having ticks sucking on it. Mutualism example: Yucca and Yucca Moth Moth feeds AND pollinates Moth larvae can grow only in that one species of yucca Commensalism: Spanish Moss ;Orchids 2.2: Flow of energy in an Ecosystem 2 ways organisms obtain food for energy. 1. Autotrophs 2. Heterotrophs Tracing the Energy Flow. Sun—ultimate source of energy for the planet. energy input from sun PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (plants, other producers) nutrient cycling HETEROTROPHS (consumers, decomposers) energy output (mainly heat) 1. The Producers: Autotrophs Able to make their own food. Capture sunlight or chemical energy & convert it into energy-rich compounds (like glucose) Plants, algae, SOME bacteria Foundations for all ecosystems!!! 2. Heterotrophs Gets its energy from consuming other organisms Also called Consumers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores (decomposers): eat fragments of dead matter & return nutrients to the ecosystem—making it available for the Producers. Fungus, some bacteria –planet’s biggest decomposers. Flow of matter and Energy in Ecosystems Matter and energy is cycled. 3. Models of Energy Flow through an Ecosystem 1. Food Chains 2. Food Webs Each step in FC & FW : Tropic Level 3. Ecological Pyramids Food Chains Simplified model Linear Shows only one possible route of energy transfer and material in an ecosystem. Many other routes exist. Arrows represent one-way energy flow From Autotroph to heterotroph Trophic Levels Represent Links in the Chain All the organisms at a given trophic level are the same number of steps away from the energy input into the system Producers are closest to the energy input and are the first trophic level. Trophic Levels-feeding relationships Primary Producers Primary Consumers: Herbivores Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat Herbivores Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivores Detritivores– heterotrophs found at varying levels Food Web A network of interconnected Food Chains in an ecosystem. All the possible feeding relationships between organisms living within an ecosystem. Most org. feed on more than one species. Food Web. The arrows indicate the flow of materials and energy being passed along Identify the Food Chains Instructions: Get out your markers and highlighters!! Step 1: Print this page out. Step 1: Use the picture above to answer the following question. 1. Identify the organism(s) that are producers? 2. Identify the organism(s) that are consumers? Identify them as one of the following: Producers; Primary Consumers; Secondary Consumers; Tertiary Consumers 2. Identify all the food chains food chains 4. How many food chains can you find in the above food web? Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment You will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together. ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front). 1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster. The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains. C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. Paste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard . Draw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life. Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment You will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together. ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front). 1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster. The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains. C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. Paste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard . Draw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life. Energy and Trophic Levels Ecological Pyramids(see p. 52) Model energy flow through ecosystem. 3 Types 1. Pyramid of Energy 2. Pyramid of Numbers 3. Pyramid of Biomass Show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or numbers of organisms at each tropic level in an ecosystem. 1.Pyramid of Energy (flow) Each level represents the energy available within that trophic level. top carnivores 21 carnivores herbivores 383 decomposers 3,368 producers 20,810 kilocalories/square meter/year detritivores Energy Losses Energy transfers are never 100 % efficient. Some energy is lost at each step. Pyramid of Energy The amount of energy available decreases with each succeeding trophic level. Total energy transfer to next level is 10% 90% is transformed Energy for organism or as heat Least Energy Available Most Energy Available 2. Pyramid of Biomass The total mass of living matter at each tropic level. Decreases 3. Pyramid of Numbers Relative number of organisms also decreases at each successive tropic level.— there is less energy available to support organisms. . Biological Magnification A nondegradable or slowly degradable substance becomes more and more concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels of a food web How biomagnification works: Injested chemical becomes increasingly concentrated . DDT in Food Webs Synthetic pesticide banned in the United States since 1970s. Top carnivore birds accumulated DDT in their tissues. Shells are soft, crack, babies die. DDT banned in US in 1972! Biome Project Choose a group of 3 students Select a specific biome Get approval Each person will have a role in the presentation Each will turn in a summary for their job. Botanist Zoologist Meteorologist Cycling of Matter Law of conservation of mass. Natural processes cycle matter through the biosphere. Matter: Nutrient: Nutrient cycling: organism and physical forces involvement. Cycles in the Biosphere Biogeochemical Cycle: The exchange of matter through the _____________. Living organisms Geological processes Chemical processes 4 Major Cycles biologygmh.com 1. Water –or Hydrologic cycle 2. Carbon Cycle 3. Nitrogen cycle 4. Phosphorous Cycle Water Cycle Constantly moving from Earth to atmosphere. Atmosphere Precipitation evaporation from ocean 4 Transpiration precipitation into ocean surface and groundwater f Land Oceans The Water Cycle Evaporation and Transpiration, respiration release water into the atmosphere; forms rain, snow or ice; falls back to earth, bodies of water; Percolation Evaporation; absorption by autotrophs 2. The Carbon Cycle Life based upon carbon molecules. Such as … DNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats Carbon in Atmosphere Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere….. Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels Removed by plants (photosynthesis) Carbon Cycle diffusion Atmosphere volcanic action Bicarbonate, carbonate TERRESTRIAL ROCKS photosynthesis Terrestrial Rocks Land Food Webs Marine food webs Soil Water weathering Marine Sediments Peat, Fossil Fuels 3. The Nitrogen Cycle Critical for living organisms Protein & DNA 78% of atmosphere is Nitrogen Not usable by plants in this form Converted by bacteria in soil. CLASS ACTIVITY Using your textbook, in trios, IDENIFY THE ROLES OF THE PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS IN THE CYCLING OF NITROGEN. Nitrogen Cycle GASEOUS N ITROGEN (N2) IN ATMOSPHERE NITROGEN FIXATION by industry for agriculture FOOD WEBS ON LAND FERTILIZERS NITROGEN FIXATION NH3-, NH4+ IN SOIL loss by leaching uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition NITRO GENOUS WASTES, REMAINS IN SOIL AMMONIFICATION 1. NITRIFICATION uptake by autotrophs NO3IN SOIL 2. NITRIFICATION NO2IN SOIL loss by leaching The 2 ways P cycles 1.Plants get phosphorous from soil. Animals eat plants. Organisms die, decomposers return it to the soil. 2. Also incorporated into rocks; upon weathering; it is returned as runoff! Phosphorus Cycle mining excretion FERTILIZER GUANO agriculture uptake by autotrophs MARINE FOOD WEBS weathering DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER uptake by autotrophs weathering DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER, LAKES, RIVERS death, decomposition sedimentation death, decomposition leaching, runoff setting out uplifting over geolgic time MARINE SEDIMENTS ROCKS LAND FOOD WEBS Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases impede the escape of heat from Earth’s surface Global Warming Long-term increase in the temperature of Earth’s lower atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Increase Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally The average level is steadily increasing Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are contributing to the increase Other Greenhouse Gases CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in refrigeration Methane - produced by termites and bacteria Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and animal wastes Nitrogen Fixation Plants cannot use nitrogen gas Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3) Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by plants Ammonification & Nitrification Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification, conversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammonia Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites and nitrates Nitrogen Loss Nitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystems Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to nitrogen gas Human Effects Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing forests and grasslands Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using fertilizers and by burning fossil fuels Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant health