Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Storage effect wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Coevolution wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY • energy - all originally from sun • primary (I°) productivity – 95% of the primary productivity in the ocean – photosynthesis (plants & cyanobacteria convert light) – chemosynthesis (chemical energy, high-temp thermobacteria convert hydrogen sulfide H2S) Ocean productivity • 90-98% unicellular algae • 2-10% seaweeds • < 10% sea grass & mangroves • < 1% chemosynthetic bacteria ENERGY FLOW trophic levels • producers (I° productivity) • consumers (II° productivity) – herbivores (eat plants) – I° carnivores (eat herbivores) – II° carnivores (eat I° carnivores) • decomposers (eat dead) Fishing down the marine food web. After the large fish at the top of the food web are fished out, fisheries go after smaller fish and invertebrates at lower levels in the food web while their trawling destroys animals and plants on the sea floor. Time increases toward the right along the blue arrow. Scale on the right gives the trophic level in the food web. From Pauly (2003). ENERGY FLOW • food chain - single path of energy – usually 4 levels (minimum 2, ocean >4) • food web – (video) combine all food chains – more stable if more diverse (Ex. #2)(Ex. #3) • food pyramid - quantify energy in food chain – only transfer 10% between levels SYMBIOSES • symbiosis - relation between 2 species 0 if no effect, + if benefited, – if harmed • neutralism [ 0 0 ] - no effect on either species • competition [ – – ] - both species harmed – leads to evolution of different species • predation [ + – ] - culls weak/old, increases species diversity o parasitism [ + – ] a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. • mutualism [ + + ] - both species benefited – anemone fish & cleaner fish – zooxanthellae in anemone/coral • commensalism [ + 0 ] - lives in host without harming it POPULATION GROWTH • opportunist species - J-curve – – – – most plants, invertebrates, fishes small organisms in unstable environment low survival rate (most get eaten) high reproductive rate needed to compensate • equilibrium species - S-curve, birds & mammals – larger organisms in stable environment – decent survival (parental care) – so high repro rate not needed