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Please and Thanks
By: Joel Nason, Ray Jeffries, D Trotter, and
Shelby Highbaugh
- Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with each other
and their environment.
- Organismal Ecology
- Population
A localized group of individuals of the same species that
can interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
- Population Ecology
- Community
The branch of ecology concerned with the
morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways
The study of populations in relation to their
environments.
All the organisms that inhabit a particular area.
- Community Ecology
The study of how interactions between species
affect community structure and organization.
- Ecosystem
All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic
factor with which they interact.
- Ecosystem Ecology
- Landscape
The study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals
among the various biotic and abiotic components.
An area containing several different ecosystems linked
by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.
- Landscape Ecology The study of how the spatial arrangement of habitat types
affects the distribution and abundance of organisms
- Biosphere
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life, the sum of all
the planets ecosystems.
- Global Ecology
The study of the functioning and distribution of organisms
across the biosphere and how the exchange of energy
affects them.
- Biotic
Pertaining to the living organisms in the environment.
- Abiotic
Nonliving, referring to physical and chemical properties
of an environment.
- Dispersal
- Climate
The movement of individuals away from their parent
location.
The long term prevailing weather conditions at
a locality.
- Macroclimate
Large-scale patterns in climate, the
climate of an entire region.
- Microclimate
Very fine scale patterns of climate, such as the
specific climate conditions underneath a log.
-Tropics
- Biomes
Latitudes between 23.5’ north and south.
Any of the world’s major ecosystems.
- Photic Zone
The narrow top layer of an ocean or lake.
- Aphotic Zone
The part of the ocean or lake beneath the photic
zone.
- Benthic Zone
The bottom surface of an aquatic environment.
- Benthos
The communities of organisms living in the benthic zone
of an aquatic biome.
- Detritus
Dead organic matter.
- Abyssal Zone
- Thermocline
- Turnover
- Disturbance
- Climograph
The part of the oceans benthic zone between
2000 and 6000m. deep.
A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change
in the ocean and in many lakes.
The mixing of waters as a result of changing watertemperature profiles in a lake.
A natural or human caused event that changes a biological
community and usually removes organisms from it.
A plot of the temperature and precipitation in a
particular region
- Ecotone
The transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to
another such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
- Canopy
The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial
biome.
- Density The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
- Dispersion
The pattern of spacing among individuals within
the boundaries of the geographic population.
- Mark-Recapture Method A sampling technique used to estimate the size
of animal populations.
- Immigration The influx of new individuals into a population from
other areas.
- Emigration
- Territoriality
The movement of individuals out of a population.
A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical
space against encroachment by other individuals.
- Demography The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in
populations.
- Life Tables
- Cohort
A table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
A group of individuals of the same age in a population.
- Survivorship Curve
- Reproductive Table
- Life History
A plot of the number of members of a
cohort that are still alive.
An age specific summary of the reproductive
rates in a population.
The traits that affect an organisms schedule of
reproduction.
- Big-Bang Reproduction
- Semelparity
- Iteroparity
Reproduction in which an organism produces
all of its offspring.
Reproduction in which adults produce offspring in a
single event.
Reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many
years.
- Repeated Reproduction
- Zero Population Growth
Reproduction in which adults produce offspring
over many years.
A period of stability in a population.
- Exponential Population Growth
Growth of a population in a ideal
environment.
- Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size that can be
supported by the available resources.
- Logistic Population Growth
Population growth that levels off as population
size approaches carrying capacity.
- K-Selection
Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to
population density.
- R-Selection
Selection for life history traits that maximize population
success.
- Density Independent
- Density Dependent
Referring to any characteristic that is not affected
by population density.
Referring to any characteristic that varies according
to an increase in population density.
- Population Dynamics
- Metapopulation
A group of spatially separated populations of one
species that interact.
- Demographic Transition
- Age Structure
The study of how complex interaction between
abiotic and biotic factors influence variations.
A shift from rapid population growth in which
birth rate out passes death rate.
The relative number of individuals of each age
in a population.
- Ecological Footprint The aggregate land and water area required for life
by a population.
- Interspecific Interactions
A relationship between individuals of two or more
species in a community.
- Interspecific Competition
Competition for resources between individuals
when resources are short in supply.
- Competitive Exclusion The concept that when populations of two similar
species compete for the same resources.
- Ecological Niche
The sun of a species use of the biotic and abiotic
resources in its environment.
- Resource Partitioning The division of environmental resources by
coexisting species.
- Character Displacement
The tendency for characteristics to be more
divergent in sympatric populations.
- Predation
An interaction between species in which one species eat the
other.
- Cryptic Coloration
Camouflage that makes potential prey difficult to
spot against its background.
- Aposematic Coloration
- Batesian Mimicry
The bright coloration of animals with effective
physical or chemical defenses.
A type of mimicry in which a harmless species
looks like a species that is poisonous.
- Mullerian Mimicry A mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species.
- Herbivory
An interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or
alga.
- Symbiosis
An ecological relationship between organisms of two
different species that live together in direct contact.
- Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits in
the expense of the other.
- Parasite
- Host
An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body
fluids of another species.
The larger participant in a symbiotic serving as home and food
source for the smaller symbiont.
- Endoparasites
- Ectoparasites
A parasite that lives within a host.
A parasite that feeds on the external surface of a host.
- Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms
benefit.
- Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits but the other is neither helped or harmed.
- Species Diversity
The number and relative abundance of species in a
biological community.
- Species Richness The number of species in a biological community.
The proportional abundance of different species in
- Relative Abundance a community.
- Shannon Diversity
An index of community diversity symbolized by H
and represented by an equation.
- Trophic Structure
- Food Chain
- Food Web
The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem
which determine the route of energy flow.
The pathway along which food energy is transferred
from trophic level to trophic level.
The interconnected feeding relationship in an ecosystem.
- Energetic Hypothesis The concept that the length of a food chain is
limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer.
- Biomass
The total mass of organic matter comprising a group of
organisms in a particular habitat.
- Dynamic Stability Hypothesis The idea that long food chains are less stable
than short food chains.
- Dominant Species A species with substantially higher abundance or
biomass than other species in a community.
- Invasive Species A species often introduced by humans that takes hold
outside its native range.
- Keystone Species
- Facilitators
A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community
but exerts strong control on community structure.
A species that has a positive effect on the survival and
reproduction of other species in a community.
- Bottom-Up Model A model of community organization in which mineral
nutrients influence community organization.
- Top-Down Model
A model of community organization in which
predation influences community organization.
- Biomanipulation
An approach that applies the top-down model of
community organization to alter characteristics.
- Disturbance A natural or human cause event that changes a biological
community.
- Nonequilibrium Model
A model that maintains that communities change
constantly after disturbances.
- Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
The concept that moderate levels of
disturbance can foster diversity.
- Ecological Succession Transition in the species composition in a
community following a disturbance.
- Primary Succession A type of ecological succession that occurs in an
area where there where no organisms.
- Secondary Succession A type of succession that occurs where an existing
community has been cleared by some disturbance.
- Evapotranspiration
- Species-Area Curve
The total evaporation of water from an ecosystem.
The biodiversity pattern, first noted by Alexander von
Humboldt, that shows larger geographic areas.
- Pathogens An organism or virus that causes disease.
A disease-causing agent that is transmitted to
- Zoonotic Pathogens humans from other animals.
- Vector An organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another.
- Ecosystem All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic
factors.
- Primary Producers
An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic
organism.
- Primary Consumers An herbivore, an organism that eats plants or
other autotrophs.
- Secondary Consumers A carnivore that eats herbivores.
- Tertiary Consumers
- Detritivores
A carnivore that eats other carnivores.
A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from
nonliving organic material.
- Decomposers A organism that derives its energy and nutrients from
nonliving organic material.
- Detritus Dead organic matter.
- Primary Production
The amount of light energy converted to chemical
energy.
- Gross Primary Production The total primary production of an ecosystem.
- Net Primary Production
The gross primary production of an ecosystem minus
the energy used by the producers for respiration.
- Limiting Nutrient An element that must be added for production to
increase in a particular area.
- Eutrophication
A process in which nutrient become highly concentrated in
a body of water.
- Actual Evapotranspiration
- Secondary Production
- Production Efficiency
The amount of water transpired by plants and
evaporated from a landscape.
The amount of chemical energy in a consumers
food that is converted to their own biomass.
The percentage of energy stored as food.
- Trophic Efficiency The percentage of production transferred from one
trophic level to the next.
- Turnover Time
The time required to replace the standing crop of
population or group of populations.
- Green World Hypothesis
The conjecture that terrestrial herbivores
consume relatively little pant biomass.
- Biogeochemical Cycles
Any of the various cycles which involve biotic
and abiotic factors.
- Biological Magnification
A process in which retained substances become
more concentrated.
- Greenhouse Effect
The warming of Earth due to the atmosphere
accumulation of carbon dioxide and other gases.
- Conservation Biology The integrated study to sustain biological diversity at
all levels.
- Restoration Ecology
Applying ecological principles in an effort to return
ecosystems that have been disturbed by humans.
- Endangered Species
A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all
or a portion of its range.
- Threatened Species
A species that is likely to become endangered in
the foreseeable future.
- Ecosystem Services
A function performed by an ecosystem that directly
or indirectly benefits humans.
- Extinction Vortex A downward population spiral in which interbreeding and
genetic drift combine.
- Minimum Viable Population
- Effective Population Size
- Movement Corridor
The smallest population size at which a
species is able to sustain its numbers.
An estimate of the size a population based on
the number of males and females in an area.
A series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality
habitat.
- Biodiversity Hot Spot A relatively small area with an exponential
concentration of endemic species.
- Zoned Reserve
- Bioremediation
An extensive region that includes area relatively
undistributed by humans.
The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and
degraded ecosystems.
- Biological Augmentation
- Sustainable Development
An approach to restoration ecology that uses
organisms to add essential materials.
Development that meets the needs of people
today without limiting future generations.
1.Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the
environment.
2.Biotic and abiotic factors are living and nonliving factors.
3.Biomes are the major terrestrial or aquatic life zones. They are characterized by
vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and by physical environment is aquatic
biomes.
4.Events that occur in ecological time affect life in evolutionary time.
5.Ecology provides a scientific basis for solving environmental problems.
6. Climate patterns are determined by input of solar energy and the
Earth’s revolution around the sun.
7. Aquatic biomes account for the largest part o the biosphere, area
wise.
8. Terrestrial biomes are often named for major physical or climate
features.
9. A climograph shows annual mean temperature and precipitation for
biomes on a yearly basis.
10. Aquatic biomes are physically and chemically stratified, which
determines the biome type.
1. The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed
suggests that the members of the population are competing for access to a
resource.
2. Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to determine the
birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.\
3. According to the logistic growth equation dN = r max N (K-N)
dt
K
population growth is zero when N equals K.
4. A population’s carrying capacity may change as environmental conditions
change.
5. Iteroparous; K-Selected most accurately describes life history traits for a
stable population of wolves.
6. Suring exponential growth a population always grows at a maximum per
capita rate
7. Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator
the lynx, has revealed that multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the
cycling of the hare and lynx populations.
8. Based on current growth rates, Earth’s human population in 2010 will be
close to 7 billion.
9. The survivorship curve for human population in industrialized countries is
Type I.
10. A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that the ecological footprint
of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
1. Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same
species for resources that limit survival
2. Competitive exclusion principle states there will always be a superior
and inferior species; one will outlive the other when resources are limited
3. Two types of mimicry: Batesian- harmless species mimics harmful
species. Mullerian: Aposematic-harmful
4. Interaction types: Symbiosis, Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism
5. Two components of species diversity: 1. species richness 2. relative
abundance
6. Only 10% of energy is transferred through trophic levels
7.Primary succession occurs in a lifeless area; Secondary
succession occurs when an existing community has been cleared
8. Closer islands have lower extinction rates and higher immigration
rates
9. The sum of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources in it’s
environment is know as Ecological Niche
10. Agility, chemical adaptations, and mimicry are special
adaptations predator species posses for obtaining food.
1. An ecosystem is the sum of all the organisms living within its
boundaries and all the abiotic factors with which they interact.
2. The law of conservation of mass says that energy cannot be created
or destroyed.
3. Primary producers are the main source of nutrition and energy for all
other trophic levels. They gain their energy from the sun.
4. Primary consumers feed on the primary producers. They are
herbivores.
5. Secondary consumers are the carnivores that eat the herbivores.
6. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores. They are at the top
of the food chain.
7. Detritivores are consumers that feed on nonliving organic materials.
8. Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic
level to the next.
9. Primary production is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy
by autotrophs during a given period of time.
10. Secondary production is the amount of chemical energy in consumer’s food
that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period of time.
1. Three levels of biodiversity: Genetic, Species, Ecosystem
2. Three threats of biodiversity: Habitat loss, introduced species,
overexploitation
3. Kudzu is an introduced species in America
4. Small populations are prone to an extinction vortex due to inbreeding
and declining genetic drift
5. Movement corridors are very important in conserving biodiversity
6. Restoration ecology attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more
natural state
7. Bioremediation uses prokayotes, fungi, or plants to use as an
environmental detoxifying process
8. Using organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem is
Biological Augmentation
9.The newness and complexity of restoration ecology require scientists to
consider alternative solutions and adjust approaches based on experience
10. Humans established reserves to help maintain biodiversity
The map of Australia shows the distribution of the red kangaroo. The more semiarid and
arid the region is, the more red kangaroos there are that live there. They do not live in
the very hot or very cold areas because it does not fit their needs. It makes sense for
the kangaroos to live where it is most easy for them. This key represents chapter 52,
Ecology and the Biosphere. It shows how the red kangaroo interacts with its
environment.
This display shows the dynamics on the penguin population. The population grows and
changes when there are new births of penguins and new penguins immigrate into the
population. The population shrinks when there are deaths of penguins or penguins
emigrate out. All of these also represent how genetic drift works. This is also a great
example of genetic drift. It relates to chapter 53, population ecology. A population
changes in many ways.
This explanation shows how energy and nutrients move from one trophic level to the
next. The first organism gains its energy and nutrients from the sun, and each organism
following consumes the latter organism, thus, gaining its energy and nutrients.
Eventually, the carnivore receives the primary producer’s energy and nutrients, but not
the same amount it originally produced. This represents chapter 54, community ecology.
Each organism in a community either gives energy, receives energy, or both gives and
receives energy.
This diagram shows how PCBs move throughout an ecosystem. The phytoplankton
consume small amounts of PCBs, the smelt consume the phytoplankton, the lake trout
consume the smelt, and the herring consumes the lake trout. All along the process, the
amount PCBs present are growing from one organism to the next. That is why the
herring gull eggs have such a high concentration of PCBs. This relates to chapter 55,
ecosystems. If people are not careful, they could harm entire ecosystems by trying to
harm the smallest of them.
This illustration shows how a small population can become smaller and smaller until it
wipes out every individual. Inbreeding and genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic
variability, which can lead to reduction in fitness and the ability to adapt, which leads to
lower reproduction and higher mortality. The population is no longer able to respond to
environmental changes, and eventually becomes extinct. This relates to chapter 56,
conserving biology and restoring ecology. Species will die out if they are unable to get
out of this extinction vortex.
Which is NOT a level of Ecology?
A) Organismal
B) Population
C) Community
D) Geographical
What is evolutionary time?
A) The minute-to-minute interactions
between organisms and their
environments
B) Many generations over which
natural selection occurs in a
population
C) The time frame in which an
organism evolves
D) The time frame in which all the
populations in an ecosystem evolve
What is biogeography?
A) The study of the past and
present distribution of species
B) The study of how species have
migrated throughout the world
C) The geographical locations of
all known species
D) The study of how organisms
affect their environments
What are biotic factors?
A) Environmental factors that
affect life in an ecosystem
B) All of the organisms that are
part of an individual’s
environment
C) Nonliving factors of an
environment
D) All chemical and physical
factors that influence the
distribution and abundance of
organisms
What are abiotic factors?
A) All of the organisms that are
part of an individual’s
environment
B) Environmental factors that
affect life in an ecosystem
C) Factors that do not affect
organisms in an environment
D) All the chemical and physical
factors that influence the
distribution and abundance of
organisms
Which is NOT an example of an
abiotic factor?
A) Temperature
B) Light
C) Bacterial decomposer
D) Nutrients
Which is NOT a way in which oceans
affect the biosphere?
B) They produce much of the
atmosphere’s oxygen
C) They moderate the climate of
terrestrial biomes
D) They are the source of most of
Earth’s rainfall
Which lake zone would NOT exist in
a very shallow lake?
A) Benthic zone
B) Aphotic zone
C) Pelagic zone
D) Littoral zone
What is characteristic of a
tropical forest?
A) Low temperatures, consistent
year-round
B) Temperatures vary greatly
based on location
C) High temperatures, consistent
year-round
D) Mild temperatures, consistent
year-round
How much precipitation generally
occurs in deserts per year?
A) Less than 30 cm
B) 30-50 cm
C) 50-70 cm
D) 70-90 cm
What is occurring when members
of a population are uniformly
distributed?
A) They are competing for access
to a resource
B) The size of the area that the
population is inhabiting is
increasing
C) The density of the population
is low
D) Resources are unevenly
distributed
What is population density?
A) The pattern of spacing among
individuals within the
boundaries of the population
B) The volume of a substance
C) The number of individuals per
unit area
D) The total number of
individuals of all species living
in an area
What is a population?
A) Individuals that can mate and
produce viable offspring
B) The total of all individuals of
all species living in an area
C) Individuals of a single species
living in the same general area
D) The total number of
individuals of a particular
species throughout the world
What is dispersion?
A) The number of individuals per
unit area
B) The average distance between
individuals of a species
C) The amount of space in an
ecosystem that isn’t inhabited
by a population
D) The pattern of spacing among
individuals within the
boundaries of the population
Which is the most common
pattern of dispersion?
A) Clumped
B) Random
C) Uniform
D) Spaced
A population’s carrying capacity
A) Generally remains constant
over time
B) May change a the environment
changes
C) Can never be exceeded
D) Is the number of individuals
that a population must have to
survive in an environment
What always happens during
exponential growth?
A) A population grows by
thousands of individuals
B) A population grows at its
maximum per capita rate
C) A population cycles through
time
D) A population loses some
individuals to emigration
What is semelparity?
A) When members of a population
have very short life spans
B) When adults produce offspring
over many years
C) When members of a population
have very long life spans
D) When an organism produces all
of its offspring in a single event
The logistics growth model can
A) Be used to predict population
growth
B) Only show previously observed
population growth, not predict
it
C) Not be used on real
populations effectively
D) Be used to show how an
individual has grown over time
Which is not a true statement
about human populations in
industrialized nations?
A) Average family size is
relatively small
B) The population has undergone
the demographic transition
C) Life history is r-selected
D) The survivorship curve is Type
1
What are interspecific
interactions?
A) Interactions with individuals of
different species
B) Interactions with individuals of
the same species
C) Interactions between
populations
D) Interactions within a
population
Competitive exclusion is
A) The coexisting of two
competitors
B) The elimination of an inferior
competitor
C) Very rare in nature
D) Not possible in nature
Which is NOT an interspecific
interaction?
A) Competition
B) Predation
C) Symbiosis
D) Competition within a
population
The sum of a species’ use of the
biotic and abiotic resources in
its environment is its
A) Competitive exclusion
B) Fundamental nice
C) Ecological niche
D) Competitive exclusion
The feeding relationships among
the species in a community
determine the community’s
A) Secondary succession
B) Ecological niche
C) Trophic structure
D) Species richness
Keystone predators can maintain
species diversity in a
community if they
A) Competitively exclude other
predators
B) Prey on the community’s
dominant species
C) Allow immigration of other
predators
D) Reduce the number of
disruptions in a community
Which is NOT an adaptation that
helps species’ avoid predation?
A) Fangs
B) Cryptic coloration
C) Aposematic coloration
D) Batesian mimicry
What is herbivory?
A) When an organism eats part of
a plant or alga
B) When a plant consumes an
organism
C) When an organism consumes
both plants and animals
D) When an organism consumes
fungi
Mutualism
A) Affects one species positively
and doesn’t affect the other
B) Affects both species negatively
C) Affects one species negatively
and doesn’t affect the other
D) Affects both species positively
Commensalism
A) Affects one species positively
and doesn’t affect the other
B) Affects both species negatively
C) Affects one species negatively
and doesn’t affect the other
D) Affects both species positively
Which of these ecosystems has
the lowest net primary
production per square meter?
A) Salt marsh
B) Open ocean
C) Coral reef
D) Grassland
Nitrifying bacteria participate in
the nitrogen cycle mainly by
A) Converting nitrogen gas to
ammonia
B) Returning ammonium to the
soil
C) Converting ammonia to
nitrogen gas, which returns to
the atmosphere
D) Converting ammonium to
nitrate, which plants absorb
Which affects chemical cycling
the most?
A) The ecosystem’s rate of
primary production
B) The production efficiency of
the ecosystem’s consumers
C) The rate of decomposition in
the ecosystem
D) The trophic efficiency of the
ecosystem
What is another name for primary
producers?
A) Autotrophs
B) Heterotrophs
C) Fungi
D) Plants
What is the formula for net
primary production?
A) NPP = R – GPP
B) R = NPP – GPP
C) GPP = NPP - R
D) NPP = GPP – R
Trophic efficiency is
A) The percentage of production
transferred from one trophic
level to the next
B) The efficiency at which an
organism consumes energy
C) The total amount of energy
that is lost between trophic
levels
D) The total amount of energy
that is gained between trophic
levels
The green world hypothesis is
A) Nature can survive any
disaster and recover
B) Terrestrial herbivores are held
in check by a variety of factors
C) Life on Earth was inevitable
D) Aquatic herbivores are held in
check, but terrestrial
herbivores are not
Carbon
A) forms the framework of the
organic molecules essential to
all organisms
B) is not necessary for organic
molecules to exist
C) is harmful to most living
organisms
D) is good for living organisms,
but is not necessary
Biological magnification
A) Makes energy more powerful
to higher trophic levels
B) is the term for when energy
efficiency is greater at higher
trophic levels
C) Makes toxins more harmful to
higher trophic levels
D) Makes toxins more harmful to
lower trophic levels
If it weren’t for the greenhouse
effect,
A) Earth’s temperature would be
much higher than it is
B) Life would be much more
easily sustained
C) Global warming would be
occurring more quickly
D) Most life as we know it could
not exist
Boundaries between ecosystems
are called
A) Borders
B) Edges
C) Berms
D) Margins
Bioremediation is performed by
A) Prokaryotes
B) Fungi
C) Plants
D) All of the above
What is the biggest threat to
biodiversity?
A) Overexploitation of
commercially important
species
B) Introduced species that
compete with or prey on native
species
C) Pollution of Earth’s air, water,
and soil
D) Habitat alteration,
fragmentation, and destruction
A threatened species
A) is closer to extinction than an
endangered species
B) is likely to become endangered
in the foreseeable future
C) Cannot be recovered
D) is the same as an endangered
species
Which is NOT a cause of habitat
loss?
A) Reforestation
B) Agriculture
C) Urban development
D) Forestry
Which is NOT an introduced
species?
A) Kudzu in South Carolina
B) Brown Tree Snake in Guam
C) European Starling in New York
D) Canebrake Rattlesnake in
Georgia
Low genetic diversity
A) Leads to extinction vortexes
B) Can be fixed through
controlled inbreeding
C) Can be fixed through
intentional genetic drift
D) Is evidence of a high rate of
natural selection in a species
Effective population size
A) Is a prediction of population
size at a specific point in the
future
B) Is the size of the fertile
population in a species
C) Is a measure of the breeding
potential of a population
D) Is an inaccurate measure of
the density of a population
Which is an example of bioremediation?
A) Adding nitrogen-fixing
microorganisms to degraded
ecosystem to increase nitrogen
availability
B) Using a bulldozer to regrade a strip
mine
C) Identifying a new biodiversity hot
spot
D) Adding seeds of a chromiumaccumulation plant to soil
contaminated by chromium
What is the effective population size (Ne)
of a population of 50 strictly
monogamous swans (40 males and
10 females) if every female breeds
successfully?
A) 50
B) 40
C) 30
D) 20
1. Using an example of each, discuss four
of the following concepts.
A. Carrying capacity
B. Succession
C. Energy flow between trophic levels
D. R-selected populations
E. Mutualism
2.Choose four of the following five
examples of symbiotic relationship
pairs and describe the type of
symbiotic relationship that exists
between the two listed partners.
Discuss who benefits from the
relationship and is hurt from the
relationship.
• Nematodes----sheep
• Ants----acacia trees
• Algae---- aquatic turtles
• Barnacles----whales
• Wrens---osprey
3. Speciation, the process by which
new species are formed, can occur by
many mechanisms. Explain how three
of the following are involved in the
process of species formation.
A. Geographic barriers
B. Polyploidy
C. Balanced polymorphism
D. Reproductive isolation
4. Ethology, the study of animal
behavior, has given us insight into the
nature of animal minds. Pick three of
the following, define the terms, and
discuss real-life examples.
1. The carrying capacity of a population is defined as the number of individuals that a
population can sustain in a given environment. The carrying capacity of a environment changes
over time depending on numerous factors. For a population of birds, the carrying capacity could
be limited by things such as the availability of proper nesting sites, the abundances, of insects to
be eaten, and the number if predators in a given location. If the birds live in a lush environment ,
there would be a higher number of insects, and therefore more food. This would lead to a
higher carrying capacity. If the birds live in an environment that supports more of their
predators, the carrying capacity would be lower. Ultimately, the carrying capacity is in a state of
flux and is dependent on the interaction of all the relevant variables. When something happens
to a community that causes a shift in resources available to local organisms, it sets, the stage for
the process of succession- the shift in the local composition of species in response to ecological
changes. As time passes, the community goes through various stages until it arrives at a final
stable stage called the climax community. There are two major forms of succession-primary
succession and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in an area that is devoid of life
and contains no soil. For example, imagine a new volcanic island. A pioneer species (usually a
small plant)able to survive in resource poor conditions take hold of its barren topography and
adds nutrients and other improvements to the once uninhabited volcanic roc k until new species
take over. As the plant species come and go, adding nutrients to the environment, animal
species are drawn in by the presence of new plant life. These animals contribute to the
development of the area with the addition of further organic matter (waste). This constant
changing of the guard continues until the climax community is reached and a steady state
equilibrium is achieved. R-selected populations are populations that experience rapid growth of
the J-curve variety. The offspring produces by R-selected organisms are numerous, mature quite
rapidly, and require very little postnatal care. These populations are also know as opportunistic
populations and tend to show up when space opens up as a result of an environmental change
,such as clearing of a forest. The opportunistic population grows fast, reproduces quickly,
and dies quickly as well. Bacteria are a classic example of an R-selected population.
Mutualism is an example of a symbiotic relationship between two different species in
which both organisms reap the benefits from the interaction. One popular mutualistic
relationship is that between acacia trees and ants. The ants are ale to feast on the sugar
produced by the trees, while the trees produced by the ants’ attack on any potential
harmful foreign insects. The two different species are bother better of because of their
relationship with each other.
2. A symbiotic relationship is one between two different species that can be classified as one of
three main types: commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism. In commensalism, one organisms
reaps benefits while the other is seemingly unaffected. In mutualism, both organism reap
benefits from the interaction. In parasitism, one organism benefits at the other’s expense. The
relationship between nematodes and sheep is a parasitic one. Parasites do not necessarily kill
their host- they instead derive benefits from their hosts such as nutritional resources or shelter.
Strategically, it actually makes good sense for the parasites to not kill the host because the
longer they are able to inhabit the host, the longer they can receive benefits from the host.
Nematodes, or roundworms, consists of many parasitic species such as pinworm, hookworm,
and heartworm. Nematodes steal nutrients from their host sheep, which obviously benefits the
worms at the expense of the sheep’s well being. If the parasitic relationship continues for a long
enough period of time, it can result in disease or death for the sheep host. The relationship
between ants and acacia trees is an example of mutualism. The ants consume the sugar
produced by the trees and they get a place to live. The acacia trees are protected by the ants’
attack on any potentially harmful browsing insects. The relationship between algae and aquatic
turtles is another example of mutualism. For protection, many aquatic turtles rely heavily on
camouflage. The dull-colored algae-covered turtles are able to easily conceal themselves as they
sit basking in the sun on rocks. The algae residing on the turtle also receive the benefit of
nourishment , as they consume the bacteria present on the shells of the turtles. It should be
noted that in rare instances, it is possible for this relationship to become a bad one for the turtle
because the algae can grow out of control. If the plant growth extends beyond the shell and
onto the upper surfaces of the limbs, the skin can decay, the muscle can be damaged, and
eventually death of the turtle could occur. Finally, the relationship between a wren and an
osprey is an example of commensalism. The osprey build isolated nests of sticks in which to live.
The wrens nest in protective nests of osprey nests. The osprey receive no benefit from this 
Inhabitation but also no real harm. The wrens obviously receive the benefit of obtaining
a place to live at a decreased level of effort.
3
3. continued
3. continued
4. Continued
4. continued
Example Two
(Answer the questions, then use the following
guide to grade yourself)
5
2.
2. Continued
3.
3. continued
3. Continued
4.
4. continued
4. continued
5.
5. continued
Joel Nason: Multiple Choice Questions and Chapter 56 Top Ten
Ray Jeffries: Charts/Graphs, Chapter 52 Top Ten, and Chapter 55 Top
Ten
D Trotter: Free Response Questions, Chapter 54 Top Ten, and Lab
Explanations
Shelby Highbaugh: Vocabulary, Chapter 53 Top Ten, and PowerPoint
Editing