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ECOSYSTEM NOTES
Video Clips 1-4 United Streaming
H.I.P.P.O.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• Habitat Loss
• Introduced Species
• Population Growth
• Population activites
• Overconsumption
What makes invasive species so
successful?
• Lack of competition
• Lack of predators
• New and abundant resources
• Fill a new “niche”
• Show United Streaming Clip 5
EXAMPLES
OF NICHES
Show united streaming clip 6
Can a species’ niche be influenced by competition?
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
What effect will the
removal of Balanus have
on Chthamalus?
High tide
Chthamalus
High tide
Ocean
Ocean
Balanus
Low tide
?
Low tide
CONCLUSION
FUNDAMENTAL NICHES - WHERE AN
ORGANISM CAN LIVE
REALIZED NICHES – WHERE AN
ORGANISM ACTUALLY LIVES
Studying nature
• natural history --the study of plants and
animals, including where they grow and live,
what they eat, or what eats them
• These data reflect the status or health of the
world in which you live and ultimately you.
What is ecology?
• Branch of biology that developed from natural
history
• Study of interactions that take place between
organisms and their environment
Ecological research
• includes using descriptive and quantitative
methods – measurement and observation
The Biosphere
• biosphere -portion
of Earth that
supports living
things
• high in the
atmosphere to the
bottom of the oceans
•Organisms affected by
both the physical or
nonliving environment
and by other living things
Abiotic factors
• nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
• effects on living things and often determine
which species survive in a particular
environment
Examples:
•
•
•
•
•
air currents
temperature
moisture
light
soil
Food production
(mg of glucose/hr)
Organisms are affected by abiotic factors
Food Production in Salt Bush
15
10
5
10
20
30
Temperature (°C)
40
50
Biotic factors
• All the living organisms that inhabit an
environment.
• living organisms affect other living organisms
• All organisms depend on others directly or
indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or
protection
Levels of Organization
• Ecologists study
– individual organisms,
– interactions among organisms of same species,
– interactions among organisms of different species,
– effects of abiotic factors on interacting species
• Levels of organization:
– organisms
– populations
– communities
– ecosystems
Organism
• An individual living thing that is made of cells,
uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows,
and develops.
Interactions within populations
• A population - a group of organisms, all of the
same species, which interbreed and live in the
same area at the same time
Interactions within populations
• may compete with each other for resources
– food, water, mates, or other
• Competition always occurs
– whether in short supply or not
Interactions within communities
• Several different populations make up a
biological community
• interacting in a certain area at a certain time
Interactions within communities
• A change in one population in a community
may cause changes in the other populations.
• can be minor
– EX: a small increase in number of individuals of
one population causes a small decrease in size of
another population
• can be more extreme
– Ex: when size of one population grows so large it
begins affecting food supply for another species
Ecosystem
• Populations of plants and animals that interact
with each other in a given area and with the
abiotic components of that area.
• Includes both biotic and abiotic factors
• Two major kinds of ecosystems—
– terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic
Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems
Aquatic
Other Sites for
Terrestrial
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Human body
Freshwater
• Forest
• Skin
• Pond
• Old farm field
• Intestine
• Lake
• Meadow
• Mouth
•
Stream
• Yard
Buildings
• Estuary
• Mold in walls,
• Garden plot
floors,
or basement
Salt water
• Empty lot
(marine)
• Ventilation systems
• Compost heap
•Bathrooms
• Ocean
Food
• Estuary
• Volcano site
• Any moldy food
• Aquarium
• Rotting log
• Refrigerator
• Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes,
and streams.
• Salt content less than 3%
• Marine or Saltwater
• Salt content 3-7%
• make up
approximately 70%
of Earth’s surface.
Organisms in Ecosystems
• Habitat
• place
where an
organism
lives out
its life
• Supplies
food,
water,
shelter
• Supplies
its needs
Organisms in Ecosystems
• Habitats can change, and even disappear
• due to both natural and human causes.
Niche
• Several species may share a habitat
• resources are often used in different ways
• A niche
– the role or position a species has in its
environment
– how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter
– how and where it survives
– where it reproduces in its environment
Niche
• includes all of a species’ interactions with the
biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat
• Exclusionary Principle
– Two species can’t exist for long in the same
community if their niches are the same
– There must be a variation
– Adapt, move or die/extinct
Symbiosis
• relationship in which there is a close and
permanent association between organisms of
different species
• Symbiosis means living together.
• Three kinds
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– parasitism
Mutualism
• both species
benefit
Commensalism
• Commensalism
• one species
benefits and the
other species is
neither harmed
nor benefited
Parasitism
• harmful to one species, yet beneficial to
another.
• a member of one species derives benefit at
the expense of another species (the host)
Parasitism
• Parasites have evolved in such a way that they
harm, but usually do not kill the host species.
Parasitism
• A predator is a type of consumer.
• Predators seek out and eat other organisms.
Parasitism
• Predation
– found in all ecosystems
– includes organisms that eat other
• Prey - The animals that predators eat
Question 1
The study of interactions that take place
between organisms and their environment is
__________.
A. abiosis
B. symbiosis
C. ecology
D. biology
Question 2
Which of the following is found in the
biosphere?
A. ozone layer
B. maria
C. the Sun
D. constellation Orion
Question 3
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
A. moisture
B. soil
C. earthworm
D. light
Question 4
A(n) __________ is a group of organisms, all of
the same species, which interbreed and live in
the same place at the same time.
A. biological community
B. population
C. ecosystem
D. habitat