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ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem
Community
Population
•Includes abiotic and biotic factors
•Biomes are examples
•Includes all the LIVING things
•All of one species in one area
•Can reproduce with each other
FOOD CHAINS
Original source of energy for most chains is the
sun
1st trophic level is producer
2nd trophic level is primary consumer
2rd trophic level is secondary consumer
Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle
nutrients
Secondary Consumer
(bird)
Primary Consumer
(snail)
Producer
(grass)
Energy is “lost” as
you mover “up” the
food chain
SYMBIOSIS
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
•n mutualism, BOTH
organisms BENEFIT
•this is a + / + relationship
•The picture shows E. coli, a
type of bacteria that live in
your intestine.
•The bacteria get a place to
live; we get the vitamin K
they make. This is good for
both.
•In parasitism, the PARASITE
BENEFITS by getting food
and shelter from the HOST
•This is a + / - relationship
•In the example shown, the
TICK is the parasite and
feeds off of the blood of the
human HOST. This is good
for the tick, but bad for the
human.
•In commensalism, one
organism BENEFITS while
the other is NOT AFFECTED
•This is a +/ 0 relationship
•The picture above shows
orchids living in trees. This
is good for the orchid,
because it allows the orchid
to get sunlight. It doesn't
affect the tree, because the
orchid doesn't help or hurt
it.
PREDATION
• Predator EATS Prey
• The populations cycle
• Predator has lower curve
• There can’t be more predators
than prey
POPULATION GROWTH
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
LOGISTIC GROWTH
J-curve
S-curve
Occurs when unlimited
resources are available
Occurs because
resources are limited
Carrying capacity
reached
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
Overpopulation of humans
leads to
• Destruction of habitats
(pollution and/or
destroying)
• Loss of biodiversity
• Introduced species
• Outcompete native
species
CARBON CYCLE
•
•
Cycling of carbon and oxygen
Three main processes
• Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen
• Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals)
• Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect
• Carbon dioxide traps heat in
the atmosphere, making life
possible
• Increased carbon dioxide can
make temperatures rise more
• Human activities can lead to
GLOBAL WARMING
BE A GOOD STEWARD