* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ch 4 – Forces and the Laws of Motion
Survey
Document related concepts
Equations of motion wikipedia , lookup
Coriolis force wikipedia , lookup
Frictional contact mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Classical mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Electromagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear force wikipedia , lookup
Newton's theorem of revolving orbits wikipedia , lookup
Fundamental interaction wikipedia , lookup
Fictitious force wikipedia , lookup
Rigid body dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Centrifugal force wikipedia , lookup
Classical central-force problem wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ch 4 – Forces and the Laws of Motion What is a force? • A force is a push or pull • A force causing a change in velocity – An object from rest starts moving – A moving object comes to rest – A moving object changes direction • The SI Unit for Force is the Newton – 1 N = 1 kgm/s2 2 Types of Forces • Contact Force – Force that arises from the physical contact of two objects • Field Force – Force that can exist between objects, even in the absence of physical contact between objects Free Body Diagrams • These drawings help us by isolating an object and the forces acting on it. Newton’s First Law • An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity unless the object experiences a net external force. • The tendency of an object not to accelerate is called inertia. • If there is a net external force, this will cause an acceleration • Net external force is the sum of all forces acting on an object Mass is a measurement of Inertia • The more mass something has, the greater tendency it will have to keep doing what it’s been doing Equilibrium • Equilibrium – the state in which there is no change in a body’s motion. • The net external force acting on a body in equilibrium must be equal to zero – An object stays at rest – An object continues to move at a constant velocity • Just because something is moving, DOES NOT mean a force is acting on it! Example Problem • An agriculture student is designing a support to keep a tree upright. Two wires have been attached to the tree at right angles to each other. One exerts a force of 30 N north on the tree; the other wire exerts a 40 N force due west. Determine the placement and force in the wire for a third wire so that the tree will have zero net force from the 3 wires. a2 + b2 = c2 402 + 302+ = c2 30 N θ c = 50 N Tan-1 (40/30) = 53.1° W of N 40 N θ To balance the first 2 wires, we need a 3rd wire that is of equal magnitude and opposite direction of the resultant. Therefore, the 3rd wire must be 50 N at 53.1° E of S Newton’s 2nd Law • The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass ΣF = ma Net external force = mass x acceleration How will the acceleration of the elephant and feather compare? This is the situation WITH air resistance. NEGLECTING air resistance, how will the acceleration of the elephant and feather compare? Both have the same acceleration – Gravity! Although the mass of the elephant is greater, so is the force. The two proportions end up equaling the same magnitude for acceleration. Newton’s 3rd Law • For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction • If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction. Action-Reaction Pairs • A pair of simultaneously equal but opposite forces resulting from the interaction of two objects • The most important thing to remember is that each force acts on a different object! • Ex. Hammer on nail, nail on hammer Newton’s Cradle Ch 4.4 – Everyday Forces • Weight – the magnitude of the force of gravity on an object Weight = mass x gravity Weight, unlike mass, is dependent on the force of gravity We usually designate weight on a free body diagram as Fg or mg Everyday forces, cont. • Normal Force – a force exerted by one object on another in a direction perpendicular to the surface of contact • The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface of contact, but not always opposite to the force of gravity Fn Fg Fn Fg How we abbreviate forces • Forces are all represented by a capital letter F – The subscript of each F tells us where the force comes from • • • • Fg – Force of gravity Fa – Applied Force Fn – Normal Force Ff (sometimes also seen as Fk and Fs) – Force of friction Fun with Friction • Friction is a force that resists the motion between two objects in contact with one another. Causes of Friction • The electrons of the two surfaces in contact with one another • The surfaces themselves • Deformation of the surface Why Friction…Why?! • Is friction bad? Yes! • If friction good? Yes! Forms of Friction • Sliding Friction • Rolling Friction • Friction caused by passing through fluids Types of Friction • Static Friction = the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two contact surfaces that are at rest with respect to one another • fs static force of friction • Kinetic Friction = the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two contacting surfaces that are moving past one another • fk kinetic force of friction. Kinetic friction is always smaller than static friction. • It’s harder to get something moving than to keep something moving Finding the Frictional Force • The frictional force is proportional to the normal force. Greater weight = Greater Normal Force = Greater Friction • Since there are two types of friction, static and kinetic, we have two equations: f k k n f s s n • s coefficient of static friction • k coefficient of kinetic friction • The value of the coefficients depends on the two surfaces in contact with one another. These values are found by experiment. • These values have no units and are always less than 1 Example Problem • A 24 kg crate initially at rest on a horizontal floor requires a 75 N horizontal force to set it in motion. Find the coefficient of static friction between the F crate and the floor. F F • Answer: 0.32 n s a Fg A 25.0 N wood block is pulled across a wooden table at constant speed. What is the force needed to do this? For the coefficient of kinetic friction use 0.35. fk k n n fk F Fg fk 0.35 25 N F 8.8 N