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The Crusades
Revision overview for First-Third
Crusades
The First Crusade
 Why then?
 Role of Papacy- development of Just War
 Introduced idea of penitential pilgrimage
combined with religious warfare - chance of
indulgence/personal salvation.
 What did the Byzantines expect?
 Why did people go? Land
hunger/primogeniture/religious conviction
and salvation
 Why did the First Crusade succeed?
 Muslim disunity
 Religious conviction
 Crusader leadership/ military tactics.
 Help from Byzantine Empire
Relations with Byzantine
Empire
 What had happened at the following




places?
Constantinople
Nicaea
Antioch
Make a list of positive and negative
interaction between the Byzantines
and the crusaders.
Muslim disunity
 What had happened in the area since the
Battle of Manzikert in 1071?
 Who were the Muslim leaders? Draw a
table of the leaders and the areas they
controlled and any disputes or alliances.
 How effectively did they work together
during the First Crusade against the
crusaders? Give examples to support your
answer.
Religious Conviction
 Give examples from the First Crusade
where the religious nature of the
Crusade is marked/notable e.g.
Antioch.
Crusader leadership/military
tactics
 Find examples during the Crusade of
moments when the leadership of the
Crusade was crucial to its success. You
may need to consider different
characters at various points.
The Second Crusade
 Massive scale - the French and German
contingents were large even given the
Iberian and German separate expeditions.
 Fewer western sources - Odo of Deuil
 Initial proposal by Eugenius III - little
response and it was
 Louis VII’s decision to go east which led to a
further issue of the Bull.
 Bernard persuaded Conrad to go even though
the Pope needed his support to control
Rome.
 Remarkable response to Bernard’s preaching
- why? Edessa was not Jerusalem, it had no
significant religious connotations. So is the
response due to Bernard’s message of
personal salvation?
 The Crusade becomes identified with
Jerusalem and the attempt to imitate the
success of the First Crusade.
 So, the Crusade becomes a force for selfredemption, a replica of the First Crusade by
large, diverse forces led by monarchs.
 There were more problems with the
Byzantine Greeks this time -more ill feeling.
 Why attack Damascus? Nur ed din was the
main Muslim problem but he did not rule
Damascus. Look for motives.
The Third Crusade
 Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187?
 Why was Saladin unable to complete the task
of expelling the Franks?
 Why did Richard fail to recapture Jerusalem?
 Both answers so far have focused on lack of
manpower/miltary structure(s)
 Markowski (1997) has argued that Richard
lacked the religious conviction of the First
Crusaders which affected his military
leadership.