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The Crusades AD 1095-1290s Periods of Byzantine Empire Islamic expansion Questions: • What happened to the Byzantine Empire over time? • What or who was the cause of this change? • What is imperialism? In this situation, who acted imperialistically? • Background: The First Crusade – Causes: • Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help • Byzantine empire was besieged by Muslim armies – Byzantine empire lost half its land to Muslim armies by 1071 • Holy Land closed to Christian pilgrims by Islamic empire • Free eastern Christians from Muslim empire • Keep Europe Christian • Pilgrim: person who goes on a religious journey CRUSADES – Definition: • Crusades: Holy War – The Two Sides: • Christians from Europe • Muslim Turks from Middle East – Who were the European fighters? • Lords and knights – Why did Europeans want to fight? • Duty/Faith • Wealth • Defeat Muslims The First Crusade • Pope Urban II called for 1st Crusade at Council of Clermont in 1095 – Impassioned speech demonstrating atrocities committed against Christians in Palestine. • Between 1095-1096 Urban II preached this message and had all religious do the same. – Volunteers would vow to visit Church of Holy Sepulchre and were given a cross to sew onto clothes. – Crusaders were divided into four armies: northern and southern France, Germany and S Italy Pope Urban II preaches at Council of Clermont The First Crusade • Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade: – People’s Crusade: 1096 • Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with some knights. • Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks. • Main Crusader Armies: – Left Europe in Aug 1096. – Gathered in Constantinople in Nov. – 30-35,000 crusaders The First Crusade • Siege of Jerusalem 1099 – 7 June Crusaders reached Jerusalem, many wept. – Only about 12000 crusaders remained. – Before attacking the city, they marched barefoot in religious procession around the walls, with Peter the Hermit at their head. Then came the grand assault. Assault of Jerusalem – Initial assault on city failed – Final assault began on 13 July. – By 15 July Crusaders entered Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon and Tancred were among the first to mount the ramparts. – Crusaders massacred about 40,000? Muslims and Jews, – Kingdom of Jerusalem was established on 22 July • Baldwin of Edessa, first to take title King of Jerusalem – Other Crusader states formed. The First Crusade • Capture of Jerusalem Aftermath • Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived. – Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem • The 1st Crusade would be the only victory for the European Christian armies. • Succeeding crusades failed to win any territory The Crusades Conclusion • At Least 8 Crusades • Effects of Crusades: – Increased dislike among Jews, Christians and Muslims – Pope and lords lost power – Kings gained Power – Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn – Interest in exploration