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Download The European Conquest of the Americas
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By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mr. Adam Stonehill Christ of Colon [1451-1506] -European explorer whose discoveries had long term effects -promoted future Western European exploration Columbus’ Four Voyages Other explorers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Da Gama – Portugal – reaches Indian Ocean trade routes Vespucci – Spanish – further explorations of “New World” Magellan – Spain - circumnavigates the world Cabot – England – first Western European to North America de Leon – Spain – first Spaniard to North America Cortes – Conquistador of the Aztec Empire Verrazano – Spain – North America Pizarro – Conquistador of the Incan Empire de Soto, Coronado, Cabrillo – Spain – further explorations of North America 1565 – Spain establishes first North American colony at St. Augustine, FLA Cartier – France – first Frenchman to reach North America Frobisher – Dutch – first Dutchman to explore North America Raleigh – England – explores Virginia area (future Jamestown colony) Hudson – England – explores NYC region and up the Hudson river Gilbert,Champlain, LaSalle – France – further explorations of North America Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado” T he First Spanish Conquests: T he Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II T he Death of Montezuma II Mexico Surrenders to Cortés T he First Spanish Conquests: T he Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! Economic Effects of Colonialism Europe • • • • • Mercantilism policy put into place Mother Country becomes wealthy at the expense of their colonies Country tries to export more than it imports – favorable balance of trade Colonies exist as markets for their mother country’s goods Country tries to get as much gold and silver as possible Latin America • • • – “encomienda system” – large plantations or mines and forced labor Native Americans first and then African Slaves Plantations - Sugar, bananas, tobacco, etc. Mining of Precious Metals - Silver and Gold Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1.Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2.Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3.Get colonies. T he “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Docs. 1- 4 Sacrifice of the First-Born by T heodore de Bry Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Slave Ship “Coffin” Position Below Deck A frican Captives T hrown Overboard Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill Treasures from the Americas! Colonialism – Social Effects • Latin America – New Social Status structure put into place based on race and ethnicity • - Catholicism becomes the dominant religion • - Spanish now “universal language” • • North America – religious freedom and economic opportunity often brings new colonists • -Protestant groups T he Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves T he Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe T he Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & T he Pope’s Line of Demarcation Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542 European Empires in the Americas Political Effects of Colonialization • • • • • • • • • • Political: Spain – 2 main colonies in ‘New Spain” (Mesoamerica) and “Peru” (South America). Also have various colonies in the Caribbean Basically Imperialize local population which means complete control of government, laws, economics, etc.) Hidalgos – lazy upper-class develops in Spain itself as described in Cervantes’ Don Quixote Portugal – main colony in New World is Brazil and colonies in Indian Ocean trade (India-Goa and Southeast Asia) England and France – colonies in North America and Caribbean Sea Dog terror tactics used to plunder much of the wealth of Spain and Portugal from the New World Colonies are often left to rule themselves since resources are less than in Spain
