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Unit 2: Age of Exploration Reasons for Exploration Search for spices & benefit from the profits (highly profitable) ◦ Wanted direct route to Asia Spread Christianity ◦ Inspired by the Crusades & Reformation, duty to convert non-Christians New Technology ◦ Cartography (better & more accurate maps) ◦ Astrolabe (determine accurate latitude) Henry the Navigator Prince of Portugal Wanted to explore the western coast of Africa, started in 1415 ◦ Gold ◦ Christianity Then wanted to sail around Africa to India in search of spices Henry died in 1460 Vasco de Gama finally made it in 1488! Bartholomew Dias Vasco Da Gama Strait of Malacca Brazil, Africa & India Pedro Alvarez Cabral Christopher Columbus From Genoa, Italy Asked for financial backing from the Portuguese Wanted to find the Indies by sailing west ◦ Didn’t plan on the Earth being this large ◦ Didn’t plan on two continents getting in the way Ferdinand and Isabella Portugal refused Columbus So, he moved on to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain ◦ Spain wanted to strengthen its power ◦ Isabella wanted converts to Christianity “Land! Land!” Set sail August 1492 Reached present-day Caribbean October 1492 Thought he reached India… named the inhabitants “Indians” LINE OF DEMARCATION Pope Alexander VI divided non-European world into two zones: Spain = lands to the west Portugal = lands to the east Search for Direct Route to Asia Continues… Balboa finds water on the opposite side of Panama (named South Sea) Magellan sets out in 1519 & sails under tip of South America where he finds the South Sea – renamed Pacific Ocean Strait of Magellan Conquest in the Americas Juan Cortes in Mexico Landed in 1519 with hundreds of men, 16 horses and a few cannons Connected with an Indian woman, Malinche (“Dona Maria”), who helped them form alliances with other Indians who were angry at Aztecs Aztecs, 1519 Montezuma, the emperor, was afraid the Spaniards were Quetzalcoatl, the god-king who vowed to return from the east Cortes continued towards Tenochtitlan & his men eventually destroyed the city They built Mexico City in the ruins, and it became the heart of the Spanish empire in the Americas Pizarro in Peru Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador (conqueror). He arrived in Peru in 1532 with a thirst for gold & treasure He overthrew the Incan ruler, Atahualpa, and demanded a ransom for his return He overran the Incan empire (from Peru to Ecuador to Chile) Much of South America was under Spanish rule. Pizarro founded the city of Lima, capital of modern day Peru How’d they do it? Superior military technology Division & discontent among the Indians Disease (brought from Europe to the Americas– wiped out natives who had no immune defenses to those germs) Many natives feared that they were facing the end of the world Spanish & Portuguese Colonization in the Americas Forced Indians to mine for gold & silver; many died…. Many Catholic missionaries arrived By the 1500s, Spain controlled an empire from California to South America! Most important colonies were New Spain (Mexico) & Peru Missionaries Franciscan, Jesuit and others Baptized thousands Built many mission churches Forced European culture on the natives ◦ Clothing ◦ Spanish language ◦ New crafts/fields – carpentry Economy in the Americas Colonies were allowed to export to and import from Spain only Sugar cane became key in the West Indies on large plantations ◦ Refined into sugar, molasses & rum ◦ Finding labor was a problem ◦ Forced Indians to work Bartolome de las Casas, a priest, fought against the cruelties of forced labor ◦ New Laws of the Indies (1542 forbid enslavement of Native Americans) ◦ Encouraged the use of African workers b/c they were “immune to the tropical diseases” Society & Class Darkness Brought by the Europeans Took natural resources, particularly gold Enslaved Native Americans Enslaved Africans Forced the natives to adopt Christianity Disease killed as many as 90% of the Native American population of the Caribbean (graphic slide next) ◦ Smallpox ◦ Measles ◦ influenza Measles Smallpox Europeans in Africa Started arriving in the 1400s while looking for a sea route to India Built small forts along the coasts Attacked some coastal cities – expelled Arabs who controlled the East African trade network Eventually, these African cities were no longer profitable from simply trading goods…. Forts Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500s Slaves became the most important (and valuable) commodity Began to fill the need for Spanish labor Business boomed! Thousands of slaves were sent to work on sugar & tobacco plantations in the Americas Horrors of the Middle Passage Impact of the Slave Trade 1500s– approx. 2,000 Africans enslaved each year 1780s– approx. 80,000 Africans enslaved each year Approx. 11 million enslaved Africans reached the Americas Approx. 2 million died along the way Western African nations dwindled in population Triangular Trade Changes in Europe New foods ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Tomatoes Potatoes Pumpkins Peppers Bananas Sugar cane Population growth (better nutrition) Migration of millions of people New words added to the language ◦ Pajama (India) ◦ Hammock (American) ◦ Canoe (American) Other European Settlements Spain became the most powerful & wealthiest European nation/empire & other nations took notice and began building their own empires: ◦ French ◦ Dutch ◦ English The Rest of Europe Joins English sent John Cabot to seek northerly route to India (found Newfoundland) French sent Jacques Cartier who found St. Lawrence River (connects Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean) Dutch sent Henry Hudson who found present day Hudson River (in NY) Search for a Northwest Passage continued Dutch East India Company Formed in 1602 Captured Malacca from Portuguese in 1641 Opened trade with China Made fortunes! New France Samuel de Champlain built the first permanent settlement in Quebec in 1608 Jesuits & other missionaries arrived Fur traders & Native Americans ventured inland and soon the empire stretched to the Gulf of Mexico Trade– farming & fur trapping & fishing Population remained small; only Catholics allowed 13 English Colonies First permanent colony in Jamestown,VA in 1607 Colony eventually grew b/c of tobacco growth and trade In 1620, Pilgrims land in Plymouth, MA Established 13 colonies in the 1600s & 1700s Southern colonies required labor for their plantations (leads to slave trade) Colonies had their own self-governments with crown & parliament control Others Spain took over the Philippines Dutch, English, and the French set up trading posts throughout the Indian coast British East India Company eventually drives away the French; starts taxing the Indians Competing for Power Competition for North American land & trade English took Dutch colony New York French took Haiti English took Barbados & Jamaica French & Indian War (1754-1763) ◦ English settlers infringed on French held lands ◦ The French joined forces with Indians ◦ English won & pushed the French out Commercial Revolution Inflation Growth of capitalism Joint stock companies (basically investment firms) Guilds became less important Mercantilism (high exports, low imports)
