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Chapters 19 and 20:
The Age of Exploration and
Isolation
Essential Questions
1. What factors helped to spur and
develop European and Asian
Exploration?
2. Describe the positive and negative
effects of European exploration and
colonization of the Americas.
I. For “God, Glory, and Gold”
 by early 1400’s Europeans, influenced by
Renaissance ideals, were ready to venture
beyond their borders
 desire for new sources of wealth fueled
European expansion
 Europeans had become very wealthy from
Asian spice trade
 Popular spices: nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper
How do I get to India?
 But the Italian merchants had a monopoly on
the overland Asian spice market
 Therefore, Europeans began looking for direct
water routes to Asia
 Desire to spread Christianity also motivated
exploration- Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese
explorer, explained his motives for exploration,
“to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness and to grow rich as
all men desire to do.”
 So why did the explorers go??
 God, Glory, Gold!
II. New Technologies Make Exploration Possible
 Caravel- a ship with triangular sails that
could sail against the wind
 Astrolabe- perfected by Muslims, was a
navigational tool that tracked latitude
 Magnetic Compass- invented by the
Chinese, could track direction
III. Portugal Leads the Way
 Portugal was a leader in using and
creating these new sailing technologies
 Prince Henry of Portugal was a big
supporter of exploration- he funded
navigation schools to teach sea captains
the newest techniques
 The Portuguese believed that to find a
direct water route to Asia’s riches they
needed to sail around the southern tip of
Africa
 1488 Dias was first to accomplish this, but
quickly returned home
 1497 Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama
reached port city of Calicut on the
southwestern coast of India
 found riches beyond imagination, returned w/
cargo worth 60x the cost of the voyage
IV. Spain Also Makes Claims
 As the Portuguese
established trading posts in
Africa & India, Spanish
monarchs watched with envy
 1492 Italian sea Captain,
Christopher Columbus
convinced Spain to fund a
bold plan to find a western
water route to Asia and
India’s riches
 The “Age of Exploration” was
about to begin in earnest
Assignment
► Turn
to p. 531, read “Tools of Exploration”
► Answer the two questions in your Journal
Assignment:
►Turn
to page 534 in your book
►Recreate the map showing the following
places:
- England
- Netherlands (Dutch)
- France
- Portugal
-China
- Spain
- Dias’s route
- India
-Da Gama’s route
-Port of Calicut in India
Christopher Columbus Opens the
Age of Exploration
V. Spain Builds an American Empire (ch.20.1)
 Aug 1492 Columbus led Nina, Pinta, and
Santa Maria as they left Spain in search of
a western water route to Asia
 2 months later landed in what he thought
was India- Columbus called natives who
greeted his crew “Indians”
 actually in Bahamas and had discovered a
“new world” for Europeans
 Columbus explored islands near him in
search of gold
 1493- He returned to Spain claiming he’d
found western route to Asia
 Spanish monarchs pleased- wanted to set
up colonies- lands controlled by another
country for purpose of economic gain for
“mother” country
 Spain would launch 3 more voyages
through Columbus to set up colonies
Columbus’ Journeys
VI. Other Explorers Take to the Seas
 1501 Amerigo Vespucci, sailing for
Portugal, explored coast of South America,
claimed it was not India, but a “new world”
 German mapmaker named new continents
“America” in honor of Vespucci
 HC Real Story of Columbus Video
Pre Colombian-Era
Mauro Map- 1459
Post Columbian
map- 1600
 1519- Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand
Magellan led expedition around southern tip of
South America
 Magellan trying to circumnavigate, sail
around, the world
 Magellan died in battle in Philippines, crew
continued, became first to circumnavigate globe
VII. Spanish Conquests in Mexico (ch. 20.1)
 1519, while Magellan sailing around
world, a Spanish explorer, Hernando
Cortés landed in Mexico
 Cortés and other Spanish explorers
known as conquistadors b/c their
goal was conquering and colonizationGOLD!!
 1521 Cortés conquered Aztecs w/ superior
weapons and European diseases- measles,
mumps, smallpox
 natives had no immunities to new diseasesin 80 years native pop dropped from 25
million to 1 million
 Cortés and Spanish conquered/enslaved
native ppl in their search for gold
VIII. Competing Claims in North America
 England, France, and the Netherlands
soon became interested in making their
own colonies in the new world
 1607 the English established their first
permanent settlement in the Americas,
Jamestown
 1608 French explorer, Samuel de Champlain
sailed up the St. Lawrence River w/ 32
colonists and founded Quebec
 Quebec became capital of France’s colonies in
the new world called “New France”
 1609 Henry Hudson, Dutch explorer claimed
3 waterways in north eastern North America
that were later named for him (Hudson Bay,
the Hudson River, Hudson Strait)
 1621- the Dutch gov’t expanded on this area
to create “New Netherland”
Champlain’s Route
Hudson’s Routes
Assignment:
►In
your textbook, read “The
Legacy of Columbus” (p.
560) and answer the
Document Based Questions
1-4.
 Answer question 4 on your paper
instead of how directed in the
question.
IX. Effects of Discovery and
Colonization of the New World
A. The Columbian Exchange
 Columbus’ discovery of Americas led to a global
transfer of people, foods, plants, animals, and
disease called the Columbian Exchange
 3 main results of this exchange:
1. Trade w/ Americas introduced new
food/plants to Europe/Asia
- New foods to Europe/Asia: tomatoes,
squash, pineapples, tobacco, chocolate,
corn, potatoes
2. New powerful societies- new colonies
(ie. Jamestown, Quebec…) that would
eventually become new nations (USA,
Canada…)
3. Migration- allowed or forced migration
of millions of ppl including slave trade…
► The
Atlantic Slave Trade (Ch.20.3)
 sugar plantations & tobacco farms of European
colonies required large amounts of labor
 used enslaved natives at first but natives were
rapidly dying from disease, war, enslavement
 Europeans find another source of cheap labor=
Africa
 Atlantic Slave Trade, dominated by English, soon
became massive enterprise- by 1600 nearly
300,000 Africans had been transported to the
Americas as slaves
 By 1870 (when slave trade ended) Europeans had
imported about 9.5 million African slaves
• Africans transported to Americas as part of
a 3- way trading network linking Europe,
Africa, and the Americas called
Triangular Trade- the Middle Passage
was leg that carried slaves from Africa to
new world
• Upon arrival slaves auctioned off to work
in fields, mines, or as domestic servants
Triangular Trade
Effects/Impacts of Colonization
1. Columbian
Exchange-
global transfer of ppl,
foods, plants, animals,
disease
2. New
Economic
Systems
Jamestown & Tobacco- America the Story of Us clip (youtube)
1. Columbian
Exchange-
global transfer of ppl,
foods, plants, animals,
disease
Trade
new
food/animals
New
Powerful
Societies
2. New
Economic
Systems
Migration
including slave
trade
B. New Economic Systems(Ch.20.4)
 colonization of the Americas prompted an economic
revolution in Europe spawning 2 new economic
systems:
1. Capitalism- an economic system based on
private ownership and the investment of
resources to make a profit - Capitalism
allowed individual business men to obtain
great wealth
2. Mercantilism- states that a nation’s power
depended on their wealth and nations should
seek to obtain as much wealth as possible. A
nation could obtain wealth in two ways:
a. Obtain as much gold and silver as possible
b. favorable balance of trade- sell more
goods than you buy
 These new economic policies built strong nations
and strong rulers- what could be wrong with this?
Led to??
Effects/Impacts of Colonization
1.
Columbian
Exchange
Trade
New
Powerful
Societies
2. Economic
Systems
Migration
X. Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese
and Spanish
 1600’s- English and Dutch began to
challenge Portugal’s dominance of Asian
and Indian trade
 both nations developed strong East Indian
Companies to regulate their trade w/ the
region- companies could mint money,
make treaties, and even raise armies
 Dutch East India Company- most
powerful and ruled most of Indonesia
►Turn
Assignment:
to page 555 in your book
►Label the following explorers’ journeys,
countries, and settlements on your map:
-
-
Columbus in 1492
Cortes in 1519
Magellan in 1519
Hudson in 1609 and 1610
Jamestown
Santo Domingo
Tenochtitlan
XI. China Limits European
Contacts
►XI.
China Limits European Contacts
 by 1300’s, the Chinese were united under
the Ming Dynasty
 the Ming Dynasty was curious about the
outside world
 Zheng He (jung huh) a Chinese Muslim
admiral led 7 large voyages of exploration
for China, sometimes taking up to 300
ships in a single voyage
 However, by 1433, the Chinese had
adopted a policy of isolationism
 1500’s, European countries began looking
for trading relationships in East Asia- first
China and later Japan
 Qing (ching)Dynasty, ruler Kangxi
continued China’s policy of isolation,
placing strict rules on foreign trade
 but Kangxi was a scholar and patron of
the arts- he allowed trade w/ the Dutch
because they paid tributes and showed
respect
Emperor Kangxi
►XII.
Japan Returns to Isolation
 Beginning in the 1300’s, Japan
experienced a time of civil war and discord
 Oda Nobunaga (oh-dah, noh-boo-nahgah) a brutal and ambitions general,
attempted to unify Japan in 1568 but
failed
 Nobunaga committed seppuku ritual
suicide in 1582
 Tokugawa Ieyasu (toh-koo-gah-wah,
ee-yeh-yah-soo) was able to unify Japan
in 1600- his strict control of the military
finally brought peace
 Under the Tokugawa Shogunate
traditional culture began to thrive
 New type of literature the haiku, 5-7-5,
three line poetry, became popular
Example: Curving up, then down.
Meeting blue sky and green earth
Melding sun and rain.
 New form of drama, the kabuki theaterused elaborate costumes, music, dance,
and mime to tell stories of everyday life
Japanese Kabuki Theater
►




XIII. Contact between Europe and Japan
Europeans began coming to Japan in
the 16th century
The merchants and missionaries were
welcomed at first but were soon
resented
By 1639 the shoguns of Tokugawa
issued a “closed country” policy
For more than 200 years Japan
remained basically closed to Europeans
and the Japanese were forbidden to
leave
Timeline Assignment
►In
your Journal create a timeline of the
following 8 events from Chapters 18-20:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Creation of Ottoman Empire
Creation of Safavid Empire
Creation of Mughal Empire
Da Gama
Zheng He
Columbus
Magellan
Tokugawa Shogunate
Essay Pre-Write
Describe at least 4 effects of the discovery & colonization
of the New World
Steps- in your group:
1. Brainstorm- list effects (4) & example/proof of each
2. Intro- compose intro/thesis sentence- include 4 effects
3. Body Point 1- Describe/explain the 1st effect including an
example/proof
4. Body Point 2- Describe/explain the 2nd effect including an
example/proof
5. Body Point 3- Describe/explain the 3rd effect including an
example/proof
6. Body Point 4- Describe/explain the 4th effect including an
example/proof
7. Conclusion- compose a concluding sentence
►