Download EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

EUROPEAN
EXPLORATION
1498-1609
CAUSES OF EXPLORATION
• Need for trade routes to Asia (Ottomans & Turks
blocked land routes)
• Desire for spices and luxury goods.
• Development of better navigation technology
• Development of better geographic knowledge &
maps
• Desire to spread Christianity
• Monarchs wanted more wealth for power & to
compete with other countries.
• Markets for goods especially in urban areas.
VIKINGS 1001
• Leif Ericson led Vikings to the Northern tip
of North America.
• Archaeologists believe they settled in
Vinland which was located in present-day
NEWFOUNDLAND!
• No one knows why they left, but some
believe they fought fierce battles with the
INUITS.
EARLY ASIANS?
• Many believe that people from Asia
continued to come to America across the
Bering Strait after the Ice Age ended!
• POLYNESIANS may have crossed the
Pacific Ocean in canoes.
• CHINESE & JAPANESE fishermen may
have been blown off course and ended up
on the western coast of South America.
BEFORE COLUMBUS
• 1260-MARCO POLO of Italy went to China
for 17 years. He wrote of his adventures
and became a primary source of
knowledge on Asia.
• 500-1400 FEUDALISM- Kings & Queens
gave land to warrior nobles in return to
fight when asked. Manor was selfsufficient!
BEFORE COLUMBUS
• 1100-1300 CRUSADES- Christian wars to
regain the Holy Land of Jerusalem from
the Turkish Muslims.
• They did not regain the Holy Land but
many Europeans who had never traveled
before were introduced to the Middle East.
• They tasted new foods: rice, oranges,
dates, spices. Europe began to trade with
the Middle East.
NEW TOOLS FOR NAVIGATION
• MAGNETIC COMPASS- special needle on
the compass that always pointed north. It
helped ships stay on course.
• ASTROLABE- helped sailors determine
their latitude while at sea by using the
stars. This meant they could travel further
and beyond the sight of land.
RENAISSANCE 1300-1600
• REBIRTH:
• Translation of ancient works of Greeks,
Romans and Arabs.
• New books on art, medicine, astronomy, &
chemistry.
• It increased trade and made Europeans
eager to learn more about the world.
GUTENBERG 1430’S
• JOHANNES GUTENBERG- invented the
printing press.
• More people could now read and could
learn about the world.
MONEY=POWER
• Rulers of England, Spain, & Portugal
wanted to increase their wealth by trading.
They were looking for quicker sea routes to
the Middle East.
Muslims & Italians controlled trade routed
across the Mediterranean Sea. Turks &
Ottomans controlled land routes.
European Rulers needed to find other
routes!
PRINCE HENRY
THE NAVIGATOR 1400
• Prince Henry of Portugal founded an
informal school to help sailors in their
explorations. He encouraged sea captains
to sail along the coast of West Africa.
• CARAVEL- A new ship that could go
farther and faster.
PORTUGESE EXPLORERS
• BARTOLOMEU DIAS 1488- Reached the
southern tip of Africa.
• VASCO DA GAMA 1498- Passed the
southern tip of africa and continued North
and east to India.
• Portugal had a trading empire and came
into contact with the great kingdoms of
Africa.
• In 1441-SLAVE TRADE- begins!!!!
COLUMBUS 1492
• Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain.
• His trip was financed by King Ferdinand &
Queen Isabella of Spain.
• Three ships: THE NINA
•
THE PINTA
• AND
THE SANTA MARIA
• Land was spotted on Oct. 12th, 1492
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
COLUMBUS
• WANTED TO FIND A WESTWARD ROUTE TO
INDIA INSTEAD OF GOING AROUND THE
CONTINENT OF AFRICA.
• He reached the islands off the coast of North &
South America in the Caribbean Sea. The
Islands were called the West Indies.
• He was not in INDIA!!!!!!
• HE found many riches and went back to Spain to
share the information with the King & Queen.
THREE VOYAGES
• Columbus founded the FIRST COLONY in the
Americas on the island called Hispaniola: Haiti &
Dominican Republic
• He also claimed CUBA & JAMAICA for Spain.
• He was Governor of Hispaniola.
• He was abusive and sent back home to Spain in
chains. The Queen pardoned him. He died in
1506, still believing he had reached India, on the
continent of Asia.
THE TAINOS
• THE NATIVE AMERICANS THAT
COLUMBUS USED AS SLAVES.
• MOST DIED TO EUROPEAN DISEASES
AND HARSH WORKING CONDITIONS.
• WITHIN 100 YEARS OF COLUMBUS
THEIR POPULATION WAS NEARLY
WIPED OUT!
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
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From the Americas to Europe,
Africa & Asia
Maize
Potato
Sweet potato
Beans
Peanuts
Squash
Pumpkin
Peppers
Pineapple
Tomato
cocoa
•
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From Europe, Africa & Asia to the
Americas
Wheat
Sugar
Banana
Rice
Grape
Olive oil
Dandelion
Horse
Pig
Cow
Goat
Chicken
Smallpox
Typhus
SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE
AMERICAS
•
•
CONQUISTADOR=CONQUERORS
“WE CAME TO SERVE GOD AND THE KING
AND ALSO TO GET RICH”
• BY 1511 SPANISH CONQUERED:
1. PUERTO RICO
2. JAMAICA
3. CUBA
STILL LOOKING FOR WESTERN ROUTE TO
ASIA.
BALBOA 1513
• REACHED THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
• 25 DAYS TO GO THROUGH JUNGLE
• BALBOA CALLED PACIFIC OCEAN –
THE GREAT SOUTH SEA
PACIFIC OCEAN
• PANAMA
MAGELLAN 1519-1522
• SAILED AROUND SOUTHERN TIP OF SOUTH
AMERICA ACROSS VAST PACIFIC OCEAN
(HE NAMED IT PACIFIC BECAUSE IT WAS
PEACEFUL)
• HE WAS TRYING TO FIND AN ALL WATER
ROUTE TO ASIA BY SAILING WEST!
• HE CIRCUMNAVIGATED THE GLOBE!
• HE DISCOVERED THE TRUE SIZE OF THE
WORLD.
MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
• BEGAN WITH FIVE SHIPS AND 250
SAILORS
• ENDED WITH ONE SHIP AND 18
SAILORS
• MAGELLAN WAS KILLED IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• HIS CREW ATE RATS & SAWDUST TO
SURVIVE!
YUMMY
• DINNER
CONQUEST OF AZTECS
• 1518 CORTES DEFEATS AZTEC
EMPEROR MONTEZUMA!
• DONA MARINA- INDIAN TRANSLATOR
HELPED CORTES
• MONTEZUMA’S REVENGE:BATHROOM
PROBLEMS WHEN YOU DRINK THE
WATER IN MEXICO!!!
CONQUEST OF INCAS
• 1535-FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERS THE
INCAS.
• HE SURPRISED ATTACKED THE INCAS AND
KILLED THE INCAN RULER
• SPAIN
INCAS
Iron swords
bows & arrows
Guns
spears
Cannons
Horses
Disease: chicken pox, measles, & influenza
RICH
$$$$$$$$$$$
• THE AZTEC & INCAN TREASURES
MADE CONQUISTADORS AND SPAIN
RICH!!!!!
• MEXICO & PERU HAD GOLD & SILVER
SPANISH BORDERLANDS
FLORIDA TO CALIFORNIA
• 1513 PONCE de LEON FLORIDA:
LOOKING FOR “FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH”
HE NAMED PUERTO RICO=RICH PORT
AND WAS THEIR FIRST GOVERNOR
HE NAMED FLORIDA= FLOWER-FILLED
1539-1541 HERNANDO DESOTOSEARCHED FLORIDA ALL THE WAY TO
MISSISSIPPI RIVER. No gold or silver
SPANISH CONQUISTADORS
• 1540- FRANCISCO CORONADO- SEARCHED FOR
“SEVEN CITIES OF GOLD”
• HE WENT ALL THE WAY TO GRAND CANYON-NO
GOLD!
• 1528 PANFILO de NARVAEZ- explored Florida and
coast near Mississippi River. He was blown into Gulf of
Mexico never to be seen again. Cabeza de Vaca &
Estevanico survived and were cared for by the Charucco
Indians. They were enslaved by the Indians for 5 years!
They escaped in 1533 by walking barefoot across the
Plains across Texas all the way to Mexico!
• 1000 miles to reach a Spanish settlement!!!!!
1535 KING OF SPAIN
DIVIDED LAND INTO NEW SPAIN
& PERU
• LAWS OF THE INDIES: HOW THE SPANISH
COLONIES WOULD BE ORGANIZED AND
RULED.
• THREE KINDS OF SETTLEMENTS:
1.PUEBLOS-town centers of farming & trade
2.PRESIDIOS-forts where soldiers lived
3.MISSIONS- religious settlements run by Catholic
priests & Friars. Their duty was to convert Native
Americans to Christianity.
They also forced them to live and work on the
Missions like slaves!
SPANISH SETTLEMENTS
• 1565- ST. AUGUSTINE- Florida- first
presidio
• 1598-NEW MEXICO- founded by Juan de
Onate.
• 1659-EL PASO-first mission in Texas
• 1691-ARIZONA- Father Eusebio
Francisco Kino set up 24 mission
settlements.
• Missionaries were also set up in California.
NEW SPAIN CLASS SYSTEM
• PENINSULARES-BORN IN SPAIN- sent
to colonies to rule. Highest job. Owned
most of the land.
• CREOLES-BORN IN AMERICA TO
SPANISH PARENTS- wealthy and well
educated.
• MESTIZOS-MIXED SPANISH & INDIAN
PARENTS- worked on the farms.
• INDIANS- treated as conquered people!