Download 8000 bce- 600 ce PP Review

Foundations Unit Review
What is a civilization
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Society with high levels of
culture and social organization
 Formal states, writing, cities,
trade, etc
Where did the first civilization
emerge?
Along river valleys (3500 BCE)
What contributes to the
development of civilization
Specialization of labor (steady
supply of food allows other
people to build, invent, create
tools, art, govt. etc
MAPS
http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/start1.html
Fertile Crescent
• Fertile Crescent
- “Crossroads to
the world?”
• Also known as
Mesopotamia
Writing
• Cuneiform
-Oldest in the World
-Wedge depressions
in clay tablets
-Formed from a reed
stylus
-Most important
contribution
The Code of Hammurabi
 first
written set of laws
 282+ laws
 “Eye for an eye, life for
life” What does that
mean?
Hammurabi
Babylonian Leader
1792-1750 B.C.E
Egypt: “The Gift of the Nile”
• 4,160 miles longest
river in the world
• Predictable
flooding
• carried rich
deposits of silt
along with it.
• primary means of
communication
and
transportation.
Discuss the image of the pharaoh and the reason
for construction of the pyramids.
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Pharaoh
god on earth
 maintain ma’at, the divine order of the universe
 He was the link between the people and the gods,
therefore ensuring the welfare and prosperity of the
country.
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The death of the pharaoh was a critical
because the well-being of the state depended on
him.
 every effort was made to ensure that he had a safe
journey back to the gods in his afterlife.
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Mummification
Mummify to
preserve a sound
body for the Ka to
return to
– 70 day process
– Improper
embalming leads to
second true death
–
Genealogy
Judaism Heritage Chart
Father Abraham
Married to Sarah
2 sons
Ishmael
Mother is Hagar
Abraham's maidservant
Isaac
Mother is Sarah
Cast out to desert
Jacob (Israel)
Son of Isaac
12 sons
12 Tribes of the Ishmaelite
Muslims
12 sons
12 Tribes of Israel
Jews
Judaism
•The Israelites were
monotheistic, believing in
one true God.
•The Israelites believed
God to be all-knowing,
all-powerful, and
present everywhere.
• The Israelites
believed that they were
God’s “chosen people.”
Teachings on Law and Morality
• The laws of the Torah address all
aspects of life, from cleanliness and
food preparation to criminal
matters.
Indus Valley Civilization
3300–1300 BCE, flowered
2600–1900 BCE
•The earliest Indian civilization flourished
for about 1,000 years, then vanished
without a trace.
Indus Valley Civilization
• Well-organized government
• Carefully planned cities
•Modern plumbing and sewer system
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Public Bath at
Harappa
Timeline of China’s
Earliest Dynasties
Religious beliefs of the Shang
 Veneration of ancestors
 people prayed to ancestors who would speak to
the gods on their behalf
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Oracle bones
 Used by Shamans to understand the will of the
gods and to foresee the future
 Wrote a question on animal bones or turtle shells
and heated it till it broke
 When it cracked priests interpreted the lines
 Gods
controlled the forces of nature and
shaped destinies.
importance of the Mandate of Heaven in the
transition from the Shang to the Zhou period
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Mandate of Heaven
Used to legitimize and strengthen their
claims to the Shang domain
 chief god “Heaven”
 the king was the “Son of Heaven”
 king’s rule was a product of the
“Mandate of Heaven”
Incompetent or otherwise unfit would
lose the “Mandate of Heaven”
allowed the development of important
largely secular philosophies during the
Zhou period.
Teachings of Confucius
Confucius & The Analects
His ideas included that everyone has duties and
responsibilities:
 Filial piety, or respect for parents, is the most
important duty.
 A ruler has the responsibility to provide good
government. In return, the people would be respectful
and loyal subjects.
 Government leaders and officials should be well
educated.
 Harmony is achieved when people accept their place
in society.
Legalism
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Hanfeizi
People are evil
Emphasized the
importance of strict
laws and harsh
punishments
Strong leader and
central government
Became official
policy of Qin
dynasty
Daoism
Laozi
Emphasized living in
harmony with nature,
for example, improving
oneself mentally and
physically.
A direct reaction to the
formalism of
Confucianism:
Daoism looked for
the simple
Confucianism more
concerned with work
ethic and proper
conduct
Yin and Yang
They are the dynamic force of
the Tao, constantly interacting
with one another
 Ying and Yang
 The female is the yin (shady)
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Yin "moon"
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principal of passive, shaded, and
reflective. (moon)
The male is the yang (sunny)
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principle of active, bright, and
shining. (sun)
Yang "sun”
The Dynastic Cycle in China
The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of
dynasties.
Qin Dynasty
• “Shi Huangdi” (first
emperor) wiped out
the Zhou and
conquered northern
China uniting under
central government
• Enforced legalism
How Did Shi Huang di Unite China?
1. He replaced feudal states with military districts
governed by loyal officials.
2. He sent spies to report on local officials.
3. He forced noble families to live in his capital so
he could monitor them.
4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who
opposed his rule.
5. He had all books of philosophy and literature
burned.
6. He standardized weights & measures, coins,
laws
7. He connected the various parts of the Great
Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles
Han Dynasty
• The Han dynasty
ruled from 207
B.C.E to 220 CE;
rivaled Roman
empire in power
and achievement
Emperor
Wudi
Han Dynasty
• Established a
civil service
examination for
public posts
• Based on merit
• Opportunities
for all males.
Really?
Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China.
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The Han
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portrayed themselves as more benevolent than
the Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of
responsibility.
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Education
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Allowed the most educated to serve in
government post (gentry class)
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Economy
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supplied the wealth and taxes to support the
Chinese people and the Han government.
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Public Service
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All males had to donate 1 month every year to
government projects and 2 years in the military.
Describe the lives of the Chinese people during the Han
 Family
 The basic Chinese social unit
 included all previous generations.
 Confucian influence
 loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor.
 Each member of the family had a place in the
hierarchy and a proper role to play.
 Women
 subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled
by their fathers, husbands, or sons.
 not considered proper for women to participate in
public life or business
 Arranged marriages
Carthage
Carthage
Why did they decline?
 Destroyed by the Romans during the third
Punic wars 146 BCE
 What happened to them?
 Deported / integrated by the Romans
 Some scholars suggest fire and salt was
use to destroy their crops and civilization?
Maybe not why?
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Persian Empire under Darius, 521486 B.C.E.
How did Darius maintain control of
his empire?
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Persian control -
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building and patrolling the royal roads
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Postal system / trade routes
combining central organization with local
traditions and ordinances.
Adapted the use of secret agents (used formerly by
Assyrians)
Why were the Persians successful rulers?
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willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
from those with experience, and to utilize the
skills of non-Persians
Describe Persian religious beliefs during the
height of the Persian Empire.
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Explain Zoroastrianism –
Founder Zoroaster may have lived between (6001800BCE)
fostered the belief in one supreme deity
encouraged moral and ethical virtues
promised salvation
Saw the world as a struggle between good and evil
 Good will prevail
used by Persian leaders to portray the king as having
a mandate to bring order to a tumultuous world.
The Mycenaean World
of Ancient Greece
Environment
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How did environmental constraints shaped
Greek political structures, commerce, and
society?
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Small city-states developed
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Lack of natural resources and the need for
agricultural supplies spurred the growth of
maritime commerce.
Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas
and technologies.
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Sparta
• Military Society
• Gov: led by two kings and
20 counselors
• largest and most
sophisticated army in the
known world
• Forbade: trade, travel and
free speech!
• Needed army to control
slave (helot) population
• Outnumbered 20 to 1
• Control lasted over 250
years.
Spartan Military Life
Army governed life
What did it mean for a
man?
Trained in military
-Started at age 7
-Marry at 20 but live
in barracks
-Retire at 60
53 years of service!
•Males can vote at 30
Reading: Sparta, The
training of Youth
Athens
• It is the place
where democracy
was born.
Athenian Democracy
• Only those with both
parents born in Athens
could have citizenship
• Athens had a direct
democracy: all male
citizens had the right to
attend the Assembly and a
vote.
• met 40 times a year
• No elections, leaders
chosen by drawing lots
• Member of 500
Women: Athens VS Sparta
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Athens
Seldom allowed in
public
No formal education
Could not own
property
Primarily responsible for
house and domestic
duties
No political power
Marriage
 Purpose was to create
male offspring
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Sparta
Taught to read and
write
Women were trained in
athletic events
 Produce strong
healthy babies
(prefer males)
Taught loyalty to the
state
Had Property Rights
No political power
The Persian Wars: Overview
The threat of the powerful
Persian empire united the
Greek city-states.
Around 500B.C. Greeks
were attacked by the
Persians
Greeks joined together to
fight Persians
 3 Persian Wars (499-479
BCE)
The Peloponnesian War:
The Alliance System Fails!
The Peloponnesian War: Effects
1. Persia gained control of
many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in
Greece
3. Sparta would eventually
fall to Persia
4. Athen’s cultural
influence continues
The Three Great Greek Thinkers
Who are they?
Socrates
“Socratic Method”
 question & answer
approach; helped people
recognize they didn’t have
all the answers!
 “Know thy self”…
 Self-examination leads to
correct behavior and
ethical living.
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The Empire of Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great (336-323)
B.C.E.
Accomplishments
 Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region,
Persia, and far as Pakistan
 Declared
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pharaoh in Egypt
Alexander had encouraged blending by
marrying a Persian woman and adopting
Persian customs.
Explain what is meant by the Hellenistic
Age.
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The Hellenistic Age was a period that followed the
conquests of Alexander
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During the Hellenistic Age, Greek culture acted as the
dominant influence
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lasting from about 323 to 30 B.C.E.
northeastern Africa and western Asia
The Hellenistic Age boasted new forms of science, art,
and scholarship.
The city of Alexandria in Egypt epitomized the
Hellenistic Age through its art and architecture, its
great library, and its cosmopolitan culture.
Long after Greeks ceased to exert any direct political
control on those areas, their culture remained a
powerful influence.
Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C. – 476 A.D.
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
Dictator
Consuls
Senate
Patricians
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Slaves
Majority of
Population
No
power
The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
Rome vs. Carthage
 Fought 3 Punic
Wars why?
 To dominate
western
Mediterranean trade
and islands
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Describe the failure of the Roman Republican
system of government.
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What’s wrong with the senate?
Greed and self-interest replace good virtues
Examples of corruption
While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the
empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or
otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land.
What happened to the returning soldiers?
Lost land and soldier status because military was only
open to men with property
What do ambitious generals do?
Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties
lay with the generals who rewarded them with land
and money.
The Rise of Julius Caesar
Elected consul in 60 B.C.
 Accomplishments
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 Conquered
territories
 Gaul, Germanic tribes,
& Britain
 Seen as a military hero Becomes dictator for
life in 45 B.C.E
Distributed
free grain
Aligned with
the solar year
Army veterans given
land
Colonies
Provided jobs
established
for
Course of
for
poor
trade
Tiber River
Built roads &altered
bridges to
connect empire
Libraries,
temples &
“All roads lead to Rome”
Forum built
Roman Empire
Augustus laid the
foundation for a stable
government that would
function well for 200
years.
 This period was called the
Pax Romana.
 Roman army was
reorganized from a
defensive to an offensive
war
 Was there really 200 years
of peace?
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The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
Good Emperors
Marcus Aurelius, last
good emperor of the
Pax Romana era.
 Strong sense of duty
 Philosopher Emperor
 His son began the reign
of bad emperors leading
to Rome’s decline.
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Two Reformers
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Diocletian
Divided the empire into
two parts to make it
easier to govern
Constantine
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Continued Diocletian’s reforms
Converted to Christianity and granted
toleration to Christians, which led to
the rapid growth of Christianity
Built a new capital at Constantinople,
making the eastern part of the empire
the center of power
Divided Empire
Weaker co-emperor in Rome
 Best generals serve eastern emperor
 No western leadership
 Capital moved to Constantinople
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Foreign Invasions
•A weakened Rome
could not withstand
the forces of Hun
and Germanic
invasions.
•476 CE end of the
Western Roman
empire
5
Review: The Decline
and Fall of Rome
Spread of Christianity