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Ancient Greece: History Chapter 5 Early Greeks • The Minoans – Lived on the island of Crete – Major polis: Knossos – Sailors and traders – Advanced civilization • Plumbing • arts Early Greeks • Minoan civilization declined. Why? – Natural disasters • Earthquakes, tidal waves • Volcanic eruption on Thera- changed weather and destroyed crops – Conquered by the Mycenaeans Early Greeks • Mycenaeans – Warlike – Built a fortress at Mycenae (my-see-nee) – Constant warfare destroyed Mycenaean civilization Other Polises • Sparta – Warlike – Conquered nearby peoples; these became slaves called helots • Helots were farmers and servants • Gave Spartans time to devote to military training – Spartans emphasized physical fitness and good health Sparta • Boys trained for warfare; girls trained to be strong mothers • At age 20 young men became hoplites, or foot soldiers Athens • Center of culture and • • learning Birthplace of democracy Rival of Sparta Athenian Democracy • Democracy means “rule by the people” • Athenian rulers – Draco wrote laws that punished lawbreakers harshly • Gives us the word Draconian – Solon gave all Athenian men rights to sit on juries and participate in governing assemblies; only wealthy men could hold office • Cleisthenes reformed Athens’ gov’t – Divided Athens into 10 tribes; each tribe elected 50 men to serve on a Council of 500 who made laws Athenian Democracy • Who could participate in Athenian democracy? – Free men born in Athens who had finished military training – 10 % of population – No women, children, immigrants – In the assembly, all members voted directly – direct democracy Other Greek Polises • Thebes • Corinth • Thessaloniki • Byzantium • Miletus • Ephesus • Sardis Persian Wars • 400s B.C. – Persian Empire controls much of Western Asia Persian Wars (490 B.C.) • Persian Empire controlled some Greek citystates, who had rebelled – Athens and other polises gave aid to Greek rebels, but Persia won – Persian king, Darius the Great, wanted to punish Athens for supporting the rebellion- he brought an army to invade Greece Persian Wars (490 B.C.) • Persians attacked at Marathon, near Athens – Athens won the battle – Legend of the Marathon runner- a soldier ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory – Basis for today’s marathon races – Battle of Marathon showed that the mighty Persian army could be defeated Persian Wars (479 B.C.) • Darius’ son, Xerxes, • wanted to finish what his father started Athens called for help from other Greek citystates; Sparta came to their aid Persian Wars (479 B.C.) • Battle of Thermopylae – Greeks met the Persians at Thermopylae to give Athens time to evacuate and prepare defenses – 300 Spartans, 900 helots, 1200 other Greeks fought to the death against 200,000 Persians – Thermopylae a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds Persian Wars (479 B.C) • The Athenians later defeated Persians in naval battle at Salamis and land battle at Plataea • The first time Greeks had stopped fighting and worked together to defend each other • Persians never attacked Greece again Peloponnesian War • After Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta most powerful city-states in Greece • Athens entered a Golden Age of arts and culture – Golden Age: a period of peace, prosperity, and great achievement Peloponnesian War • Golden Age of Athens – Athens had to rebuild after the war with Persia • New temples built on the Acropolis – Parthenon- temple to Athena • Beautiful sculptures and monuments • Rebuilding led by Pericles, one of Greece’s greatest statesmen Peloponnesian War • The Delian League – Greek city-states formed a defensive alliance against Persia called the Delian League – Athens was most powerful and important member – Athens controlled the League and would not allow other members to leave Peloponnesian War • Sparta led the • • rebellion against Athens Sparta led its own alliance, the Peloponnesian League war broke out in 431 B.C. Peloponnesian War • For many years, neither side could win – Athens had a strong navy – Sparta had a strong army – Plague in Athens led to a truce in 421 B.C. • 415 B.C.- Athens attacked a Spartan ally – Sparta destroyed Athenian navy – Athens surrenders in 404 B.C. Peloponnesian War End of Greece’s Golden Age • Sparta couldn’t maintain control of Greece • City-states quarreled and fought • Eventually all of Greece was conquered by Macedonia