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Chapter 5
SOL 5a-g
 Aegean
Sea
 Greek peninsula, Europe, Asia Minor
 Mediterranean Sea
 Black Sea, Dardanelles
 Athens, Sparta, Troy
 Macedonia
 What
does this geography tell us about
Greece?
 Agriculture:

What does arable mean?
 Commerce

and the spread of Hellenic culture
What is Hellenic culture? (vocabulary)
 Shift

limited arable land
from barter to money economy
What does this mean?
 What
does mythology mean?
 Based on polytheistic religion
 Used to explain natural phenomena, human
qualities and life events
 Set cultural norms
 Iliad and Odyssey

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
Achilles
Hector
Odysseus
Paris
Helen of Troy
 King
of gods
 Thunderbolts
 Eagle
 Ganymede
 Queen
of gods
 Goddess of marriage
 Peacock
 God





of
healing
Music, poetry
Prophecy
Sun
Hunting
 Crow
 Goddess
of earth, wildlife, hunt
 Never married
 Quail
 Goddess
 Beauty
 Dove
of love
 Goddess
of wisdom,
war/peace
 Created olive tree
 Goddess of city of Athens
 Owl
 Messenger
 “Speedy”
 Invented
 Tortoise
harp
 War
god
 Liked Aphrodite
 Vulture, Woodpecker
 God
of the sea, earthquakes, rivers, floods,
droughts, horses
 Holds a Trident
 Polis
– city-state – an independent city that is
its own country
 Gave a Greek person his identify

Socrates - If you don’t belong to a polis, you’re
not human
 Each





polis had its own kind of government
Monarchy
Dictatorship
Democracy
Oligarchy
Aristocracy
 Mountainous
terrain helped and hindered the
development of city-states


Helped – not much interaction with neighbors
Hindered – hard to expand
 Overpopulation


led to colonization
More space to live
More farmland
 Citizens
(free adult males) had political
rights and the responsibility of civil
participation inn government.
 Women and foreigners had no political rights
 Slaves had no political rights
 Greek
citizens expected to fight
 Invented the phalanyx

Meat grinder
Stages in evolution of Athenian government
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Tyranny
Democracy
 Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco and Solon

Draco: Law code with harsh punishments for all
crimes (debt slavery)
 Solon: revised Draco laws and made them more
humane (outlawed debt slavery); drafted a new
constitution


Origin of democratic principles: Direct
democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen
**What are each of these like?
 Oligarchy:
rule by a small group
 Rigid social structure
 Militaristic and aggressive society
Life revolved around the
military and preparation for war

Persian Wars (499-449 BC)


Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against
the Persian Empire
First War


Greek victories over the Persians at Marathon
 Link to website on Marathon
Second War



Thermopylae = Persian victory
Greek victory at Salamis left Greeks in Control of the
Aegean Sea.
Athens preserved its independence and continued
innovation in government and culture
•
Mostly occurring between the Persian and the
Peloponnesian Wars
 Pericles

extended democracy
Only most adult males had an equal voice
 Pericles
rebuilt Athens after destruction in
Persian Wars

The Parthenon is an example of this
reconstruction
The Parthenon
 Drama:
Aeschylus, Sophocles
 Poetry: Homer
 History: Herodotus, Thucydides
 Sculpture: Phidias
 Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates
 Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
 Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras
 Architecture: Types of columns



Doric
Ionian
Corinthian
Peloponnesian War (431-404BC)



Caused in part by competition for control of the
Greek world—Athens and the Delian League v.
Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and
the weakening of political power
Sparta began the war and was the victor
 50
years after the Peloponnesian War small
battles between Sparta and Athens weakened
Greece
 Philip once a prisoner of Greece used his
time to learn about Greek military tactics
 Used this knowledge to conquered most of
Greece

Advanced phalynx
 Murdered
and his son, Alexander the Great
takes control
 Established
an empire from Greece to Egypt
and the Margins of India
 Extended Greek cultural influence
 Blending
of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
influences in Greece

Blend of Greek and oriental elements
 Spread
of Hellenistic culture through trade