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Transcript
Chapter 4 Greece Section 1 The Impact of Geography • Small, peninsula that is made up of small plains and river valleys surrounded by high mountains. • Mountains separated the Greeks from one another. They developed their own ways of life and were involved in politics. • Rivalry led to warfare. • Sea influenced the Greeks. Long seacoasts, many harbors, and islands. • Seafarers- Aegean, Mediterranean, & Black Sea. The Minoan Civilization • Flourished between 2000-1450 B.C. on Crete. • Named after legendary king of Crete, Minos. • The Minoans were traders, and their ships took them to Egypt and southern Greece. • Believed to have been destroyed as a result of an invasion by mainland Greeks known as Mycenaeans. The First Greek State: Mycenae • Flourished between 1600-1100 B.C. • Part of the Indo-European peoples who gained control of Greece and developed a civilization. • Made up of powerful individual monarchies who were independent, but probably had a loose alliance. Fortified palace. • Mycenaeans were warriors, who took pride in their heroic deeds. Had a trade network. • Homer wrote poetry about the military adventures of the Mycenaeans. • 13th century- states fought one another, major earthquakes caused widespread damage, and invaders moved in from the north. The Greeks in a Dark Age • About 1100-750 B.C. • Food production and population declined. • Few records kept to tell us about this time. • Left the mainland and sailed across the Aegean Sea to various islands. • They settled in Ionia, modern-day Turkey. • Aeolian Greeks settled the island of Lesbos. • Revival of trade. Iron replaced bronze weapons and farming tools. • 8th century adopted Phoenician alphabet. • Learning to read & write was simpler. • Homer wrote the Iliad & Odyssey, epic poems- long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero. • Homer’s heroes became the ideal for Greek males. Section 2 The Polis: Center of Greek Life • Villages expanded and became citystates. • The polis became the center of Greek life. • Acropolis- hilltop fortress used during attacks, sometimes religious center. • Agora- open area market. • Common identity and goals. • 3 main groups: adult males (citizens with political rights), women & children (citizens with no political rights), and slaves & foreigners (noncitizens). • Citizens had rights and responsibilities, especially loyalty to their state. • City-states were distrustful of one another & often led to war. • New military system based on hoplites. Each carried a round shield, a short sword, and a 9 foot spear. • Phalanx helped to protect the hoplites. Greek Colonies • Between 750-550 B.C. many Greeks moved away due to the growth of trade and need for land. • New colonies in southern Italy, southern France, eastern Spain, northern Africa, Thrace, and along the shores of the Black Sea. • Spread of Greek culture over the Mediterranean and increased trade and industry. • Greece exported: pottery, wine, olive oil. • Imported: grains, metals, fish, timber, wheat, and slave. Tyranny in the City-States • A new group of wealthy people in many city-states wanted more political power, but found it difficult because of the aristocrats. • Tyrants who gained power with the use of hired soldiers over the aristocrats, were supported by the new group of wealthy and the poor peasants. • Built new marketplaces, temples, & walls. • They fell out of favor but were important in Greek history. • They allowed more people to be involved with the government. • Led to democracy (rule by many) and oligarchy (rule by few). Sparta • Needed more land and gained it through conquering other Greeks: Laconians & Messenians. • Between 800-600 B.C. Spartan lives were rigidly organized and tightly controlled. • Males spent their childhood learning military discipline. Entered military at 20 and stayed in until 60. Lived in barracks until 30. • Women lived at home. Expected to be fit to bear & raise healthy children. Had greater power in the household than other Greeks. • Women supported the strict Spartan values and expected their husband/sons to be brave in war. • Spartan government was an oligarchy headed by 2 kings. Led them in battle. • Ephors- Group of 5 men responsible for educating the youth and conduct of all citizens. • Council of elders (2 kings & 28 citizens) decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly made up of male citizens. • Had little contact with outside world. Didn’t travel abroad unless it was for military reasons. Foreigners discouraged from visiting. • The only art of war was the only art that was encouraged. Athens • Early on ruled by a king. Later, by an oligarchy under the control of aristocrats. • An assembly of citizens had no power. • Farmers who couldn’t pay their debts were sold into slavery and there were cries to cancel debt and give land to the poor. • Athens was on the verge of war. • In 594 B.C., Solon is given control. Cancels all debts, releases people from slavery, but didn’t give land to the poor. • In 560 B.C., Pisistratus seized control. Gives land to the poor and aided Athenian trade to please the merchants. Athenians rebelled against his son. • Cleisthenes reformed the government and created the Council of five hundred which supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed laws. • The Athenian assembly (made up of all male citizens) had final authority to pass laws after free and open debates. • Laid foundation of Athenian democracy. Section 3 The Challenge of Persia • In 499 B.C., Ionian Greeks tried to revolt against the Persians with the help of the Athenian navy. It was unsuccessful. • Persian ruler Darius sought revenge. In 490 B.C., landed at Marathon and was defeated by the Athenian army. • New Persian ruler Xerxes, invaded Greece in 480 B.C. Athenians abandoned their city. Greek navy defeats Persian fleet. Greeks amasses the longest army and defeats the Persians in 479 B.C. The Growth of the Athenian Empire • Athenians took over the leadership of the Greek world. • Athenians formed the Delian League to fight the Persians. Attacked the Persians and liberated almost all of Greek states in the Aegean. By controlling the league, it created an empire. • Age of Pericles (461-429 B.C.), dominant politician. Democracy flourished and Athens was at the height of its power and brillance. The Age of Pericles • Created a direct democracy- a democratic system in which people participate directly in the government decision-making through mass meetings. • Male citizens 18 and older took part in the assembly. Held every 10 days. Passed all laws, elected public officials, made final decisions on war & foreign policies. • Made lower class citizens eligible for public offices. • Ten officials, known as generals, were directors of policy. • Ostracism- if person was considered harmful to the city, could be banned 10 years, if 6,000 members wrote his name down. • Became the center of Greek culture. • Used Delian League money to rebuild city after Persian wars. • Art, architecture, and philosophy flourished. • Spartans concerned by Athenians achievements. The Great Peloponnesian War • Greek world divided into Athenians and Spartans. • Series of disputes in 431 B.C. led to war. • Athenians decided to stay behind their city walls instead of fighting on the battlefield (Pericles knew the Spartan army would destroy them). • 2nd yr. of war, plague broke out and killed 1/3 of the people. Held out another 27 yrs. • 405 B.C., Athenian navy destroyed. • Athenians surrendered. • The war weakened the Greek states and ruined any possibility of cooperation among them. • During the next 70 yrs. Athens, Sparta, and Thebes fought for control and ignored the growing power of Macedonia. Daily Life in Classical Athens • 5th century B.C., Athens had the largest city-state. 150,000 citizens (43,000 could vote), 35,000 foreigners, & 100,000 slaves. • Most people owned at least 1 slave. They worked in the fields or in the home. Some worked on construction projects. • Economy based on farming & trade. Had to import 50-80% grains to feed the large population. • Women were citizens who could take part in religious festivals, but that was all. • Couldn’t vote or own property. • Married at 14 or 15 and expected to bear children, take care of family and her house. • Were strictly controlled. Had to have a companion if they left the house. • Didn’t receive education. Section 4 Greek Religion • Religion was very important to their life. Didn’t focus on morality. • 12 main gods lived on Mt. Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. • Zeus- Chief god and father of the gods. • Believed most people’s spirits went to an underworld, ruled by Hades, regardless of what they had done. • Performed rituals (prayers & gifts) to please the gods. • Festivals to honor the gods/goddesses. • 776 B.C. held the Olympics. • Used priest/priestess (oracles) to learn the will of the gods. • Most famous oracle was Apollo. Many went to Delphi to consult Apollo. Greek Drama • Plays presented at outdoor theaters as part of religious festivals. • 1st dramas were tragedies in trilogies with a common theme. • Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex. • Euripides was controversial in questioning traditional values and portrayed war as brutal and barbaric. • Concerned with such problems as the nature of good and evil and the rights of individuals. • Aristophanes wrote comedy that criticized politicians and intellectuals. Intended to entertain and to provoke a reaction. Greek Philosophy • Greek philosophers tried to explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles. • Pythagoras taught that the essence of the universe was in music & numbers. • Socrates believed that the goal of education was to improve the individual. Left no writings. Developed the Socratic Method- question & answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason. He questioned authority. Accused of corrupting the youth & sentenced to die. • Plato- student of Socrates. Greatest philosopher. Wrote a lot. Believed that a higher world of eternal Forms has always existed. Wrote “The Republic” and didn’t trust the workings of democracy. Ideal state divided into 3 groups: philosopherkings, warriors, and the mass. Believed that men and women should have the same education and equal access to all positions. Set up the “Academy”, a school. • Aristotle- student of Plato. Didn’t believe that the forms existed in a separate, higher world of reality. Interested in analyzing and classifying things. Tried to find best government & found 3 good forms: monarchy, aristocracy, & constitutional government. The Writing of History • Herodotus wrote the “History of the Persian Wars” was first the real history of western civilization. • Thucydides is known as the greatest historian of the ancient world. Wrote “History of the Peloponnesian War”. He examined the causes and the course of the Peloponnesian War. The Classical Ideals of Greek Art • Art was concerned with expressing eternal ideals. • Architecture- temples. Parthenon was the greatest example of a Greek temple. Showed calmness, clarity, and freedom from unnecessary detail. • Sculptors didn’t try to achieve realism, but rather a standard of ideal beauty. Section 5 The Threat of Macedonia • Macedonia were rural people who were organized in groups, not citystates. • King Philip II built a powerful army. He crushed the Greeks and gained control of them. Ended freedom of city-states. Wanted the Greeks to help fight the Persians. Assassinated before he could invade Asia. Alexander the Great • Philip’s son became king at 20. • Invaded Persian Empire. Freed the Ionian Greek cities of western Asia Minor. Conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. He conquered the rest of the Persian Empire. • He wanted to continue, but his army refused to go on. • Died at 32. • Created the Hellenistic Era. Greek language and culture spread to many other parts of the world. The Hellenistic Kingdoms • With the death of Alexander the Great, 4 Hellenistic kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, Syria, the kingdom of Pergamum, and Egypt. Hellenistic Culture • Alexandria became the center for poets, writers, philosophers, and scientists. Contained the largest library in ancient times. • Kings willing to spend money to beautify their cities. • Sculptors move to realistic and emotional art. • Aristarchus’ theory was that the sun was at the center of the universe & the Earth revolves around the sun. • Eratosthenes determined that the Earth was round & calculated the Earth’s circumference. • Euclid wrote “Elements”, a textbook on plane geometry. • Archimedes established the value of pi & built a number of devices to repel attackers during sieges. • Epicureanism, a philosophy developed by Epicurus. Believed that happiness was the goal of life. The means to achieving happiness was the pursuit of pleasure. Pleasure was freedom from worry and emotional turmoil. People had to free themselves from public activity. • Stoicism was a philosophy developed by Zeno. Was concerned with helping people find happiness. Happiness could only be found when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God. They were a good citizen and could even be a good government official.