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Transcript
The Ancient Greeks The Geography • A Mountainous peninsula sticking out into the Mediterranean Sea Geography • Much of Greece is small plains and river valleys separated by mountains • This kept Greek city-states isolated from each other • Each city-state develop independent of other city-states • Close proximity to the sea made the Greeks a sea fairing people The Bronze Age • • • • Began around 2800 B.C. Located on the island of Crete The civilization was called the Minoans They were not Greek but they influenced the Greeks Bronze Age • Arthur Evans discovered the ancient city of Knossos and named the civilization after the cities legendary King Minos • The city was a huge complex showing a rich sea going culture involved in trade Minoan Civilization • Arthur Evans discovers hundreds of tablets with an ancient form of what looks like Greek • He named this form linear A Minoan Civilization Minoan Civilization Minoan Civilization • Much of the city was decorated with frescos and murals Minoan Civilization Minoan Civilization We know that the Minions worshipped the Bull Minions • The legend of the Minotaur • Statue of Theseus killing the monster Minoan Civilization • Somewhere around 1450 BC the Minion culture suffered a sudden collapse • Some archeologist say it was the result of a massive volcanic eruption, earthquake or a tidal wave. • Some believe is was from an invasion from the sea possible a group of early Greeks called the Mycenaeans Mycenaeans • For centuries the Mycenaeans were thought only to be a legend • The only knowledge we have about them was from a Greek epic poem written by a poet named Homer • The name of the poem was the Iliad Agamemnon’s death Mask The Lion’s gate, the entrance to the ancient city of Mycenae Mycenaeans • We originally know about this culture from Homer’s poem the Iliad • The poem describes how the king of Mycenae, Agamemnon led the Greeks to attack the city of Troy in Asia Minor • The wife of Agamemnon’s brother had been seduced and taken away by the Prince of Troy, Paris • By using the Trojan Horse the Greeks were able to sneak into the city and destroy the city Paris and the Golden Apple The End of The Mycenaeans • By 1300 BC constant warring between the city-states weaken Greece • BY 1100 BC a new wave of Greek speaking people invaded from the North and the Mycenaeans culture collapsed Greek Dark Ages • 1100 BC to 700 BC is called the Greek Dark Ages • Much of what the Greeks learned was lost • Two major city-states dominated this period Athens and Sparta • Those Greeks that settled in the area around Athens were called Ionians • Those who settled around Sparta were called Dorians Greek Dark Ages • As Athens population increased they needed to reduce pressure on the city by colonizing • The Ionians from Athens set up city-states along the coast of Asia Minor • These city-states were possessions of Athens Greek Dark Ages • During the later part of the Dark Ages, the Greeks adopted a new system of writing • It was called Linear B and goes on to become modern Greek • The Greek Dark ages start to end somewhere around 750 BC when Homer wrote his two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey The Epic Poems • These tales are about the period before the Greek Dark Ages • These tales provide the heroes and the role models for latter Greeks • They also portray the Gods with very humans qualities The Greek City-State • Referred to as a polis • Usually build on a hill • A fortified building or temple called an acropolis is built on the hill • Just below the acropolis is the market area called the agora • The agora is where people in the polis meet Greek Military • The Greeks developed the concept of a heavily arm foot soldier called a hoplite Greek Military • Greeks fought in a formation called a phalanx The Greek Dark Ages • Mycenae collapsed somewhere around 1100 BC • Greece began a decline in technology • Many Greeks fled to the cities • As the city became over populated they started founding colonies The Greek Dark Ages • A group called the Dorians invade the Peloponnesus • They were a warrior like people and conquered the Greeks already living there The Greek Dark Ages • By 750 BC the Greeks started coming out of their dark age • Developed a new writing style call Linear B • Based their alphabet on the Phoenician Alphabet • Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey The Hellenic Greeks • Greek polis started to expand after 750 BC • Each polis develop its’ own concept of Government • Two Rival cities developed Athens and Sparta Sparta • Conquered their neighboring Greeks the Laconians (helots) • Warrior group • Boys were raised to be soldiers • Set up an oligarchy • Sparta had two kings • A group of 5 men called ephors were elected from the population • Council of elders decide political issues Athens • Athens was ruled by a king in the beginning • End of the 7th Century many Athenian farmers fell into debt and were sold into slavery • Civil war looked like a possibility until a series of reformers changed Athens Athenian Reformers • Dracos 621 BC He writes down the laws of Athens on three panels shaped like a pyramid. This made all of Athens’ laws available to all people • Solon 594 BC Cancelled all debts and freed the poor people who had been sold into slavery • Peisistratus 560 BC Expanded Athens trade through the Mediterranean and took land from the aristocrats and gave it to the poor Athenian Reformers • Cleisthenes 510 BC Created the council of 500 and elected assembly that made laws over saw the running of the Athenian government The Persian War • By the 6th century BC all the Greek citystates in Asia Minor had been conquered by the Persians • Several tried to revolt and Athens tried to assist those city states • The revolt failed but Persian was not happen about the Athenian interference • Darius decided to teach the Athenians a lesson Persian War • Darius launches an attack at Athens in 490 BC • The Persian army lands at the plain of Marathon on the Greek coast • The Athenians did not march directly into battle and the Persians returned to their ships • While boarding their ships the Athenians attacked destroying the Persian army Persian War • Pheidippides ran all the way from Marathon back to Athens (26 miles) to announce the Athenian victory • As he ran into the city he yell “Nike” (victory) and then collapsed dead Persian War Round 2 • Darius dies in 486 BC • His son Xerxes is plans to revenge his father’s defeat • He planned on using a major land and naval force Persian War Round 2 • Under the leadership of Themistocles, Athens had developed a huge navy • The Athenian navy consisted of over 200 war ships called trimerenes Persian War Round 2 Persian War Round 2 • Xerxes invaded the Greece with a force of over 180,000 • Greeks need time to organize • The Greeks will try to delay the Persians at a narrow pass call Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae • An are of 7000 Greeks from the various city states will hold the Persian off for 2 day • After two day all the Greeks worries about their city-states and left to protect their polis’ • 300 hundred Spartans remained to cover the retreat of the other Greeks and delay the Persians further Battle of Thermopylae • The Spartans held until a traitor showed the Persians a secret pass called the west gate Persian War Round 2 • With the defeat at Thermopylae, Greece was open to the Persian invasion • Themosticles started to prepare Athens for a defense • During the night Themosticles had a dream that Athena told him to surround his city with a wall of wood Persian War Round 2 • Themistocles reasoned that he need to evacuate his city to their ships • He orders the city abandoned and the entire city Athens retreated to their navy • Xerxes arrived at Athens and found a deserted city. His army plunders and destroyed Athens The Battle of Salamis • Themosticles decided to engage the Persian navy • He hid the Athenian trimerenes behind the island of Salamis • That night he sent a message taunting Xerxes • Xerxes decides to charge into the straits the next day to attack the Greek fleet Battle of Salamis • Xerxes navy came rushing into the narrows and could not maneuver • The Athenian ships flanked the Persians and by the end of the day the ENTIRE Persian fleet had been destroyed Persian War Round 2 • Without his navy Xerxes could not support his army • He started to retreat northward out of Greece • The Greeks emboldened by the victory formed a HUGE army and pursued the Persians Battle of Plataea • The Persians retreated to a place northeast of the Greek city of Plataea • The Greeks pursued and the Persians in camp • The Persian commander thought that he could easily beat the Greeks • He left most of his best troops (heavily armored) in camp Battle of Plataea • The Greek line broke apart as the advanced. • Thinking the Greeks were preparing for a retreat, the Persian general ordered and all out attack • While 5 groups of Greeks defeated the light armored Persians in the field 3 other groups attacked the Persian Camp Battle of Plataea • Not expecting the attack the Persians in camp were quickly slaughtered and the supplies capture and the camp burned • The Persian army was destroyed and the Greeks have won the second Persian war Now What???? • The Greeks have been attack twice by the Persians. Could it happen again??? • The Persian war forced the Greeks to unite to fight a common enemy. Could they remained united???? • Who is going to lead the Greeks