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The “Classical Era” in the West
• This PowerPoint presentation goes with
the Mastering the TEKS in World History
book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran Unit
2, Chapter 6
Essential Questions
• What factors caused the rise of Persia, Greece,
and Rome?
• What were the major accomplishments of these
“classical civilizations”?
• How were the classical civilizations shaped by
their religions and philosophical beliefs and by
the rule of law?
Important Ideas
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A. Persia
B. Greece
C. Athens (Democracy)
D. Rome (Republic)
E. Roman Emperor
F. Christianity
G. Byzantine Empire
The 12 Hebrew Tribes and the
Nation of Israel
Israel
• After the Exodus from Egypt, the Hebrews establish
themselves in Israel
• Each of the 12 tribes has a leader called a Judge.
• The 12 tribes eventually decide that they need one
leader and elect Saul as their King.
• Saul is followed by David and Solomon.
• After the death of Solomon, the 12 tribes split into two
nations, Israel and Judah...they coexist for 200 years.
• Israel and Judah pay tribute to Assyria so they won’t be
invaded.
• Eventually Assyria decides to invade anyway.
The Assyrians
The Assyrians
• The Assyrians were remarkable warriors and had been for some
time. Their tactically organized and well-equipped army was able to
storm enemy cities. Once the Assyrian troops had battered down a
city gate, they showed no mercy. They ruthlessly murdered,
tortured, and enslaved their enemies. Their practice of relocating
rebellious peoples made them very despised. They were brutal to
those they conquered.
• One of the ancient monuments discovered in the ruins of ancient
Assyria has this inscription by King Assurnasirpal of a conquered
city:
• "Their men, young and old, I took as prisoners. Of some I cut off the
feet and hands; of others I cut off the noses, ears, and lips; of the
young men's ears I made a heap; of the old men's heads I built a
minaret." - (Asshurnasirpal Inscription)
The Babylonians conquer the
Assyrians
The Babylonians
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The Babylonians were also great traders and thousands of cuneiform
tablets have been found telling of their complex trade networks. In order to
protect their trade routes, they marched their armies west with the mighty
king Nebuchadnezzar leading them.
Babylon also collected a bitter tribute from the conquered cities and many
rebellions were put down.
In 612 B.C. while the Assyrian stranglehold had been extinguished and
Nebuchadnezzar has successfully contended with Egypt for the Assyrian
Empire, the kingdom of Judah rebelled. In 597 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar took
Jerusalem and their Jewish nobles, armies and craftsmen into captivity in
Babylon.
The empire of Babylon was at its greatest extent in 546 B.C. when Cyrus of
Persia cunningly took Babylon by surprise.
Persian Empire
Persian Empire
550 B.C. to 100 B.C.
• Founder: Cyrus the Great
• Darius built roads, set uniform weights and measures, and
established provinces ruled by officials loyal to the king.
• Religion: Zoroastrianism, only 2 gods. One good and one
evil, and the universe was a battleground between the two.
Persian Accomplishments
• Minted coins for trade
• Built roads throughout the
empire
• Established a postal
service
• Government system
allowed many different
peoples to be loyal to the
empire. The Persians
allowed the Hebrews to
return to Jerusalem and
rebuilt the Temple
Persian Coins
How does the use of
money improve a
countries economy?
Greece
Early Greek Civilization
• Geography: because it was hard to
grow crops in Greece’s rocky soil, they
relied heavily on trade routes
established on the water.
• Trade items included
– Wine
– Olive oil
– Pottery
• The Greeks learned of the alphabet
from the Phoenicians through trade
• Difficult terrain causes the Greeks to
develop into small, independent
communities.
How does trade affect
cultural diffusion?
Minoan Civilization
2000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.
• Location: Crete
• Developed writing
• Used copper and
bronze
• Skilled shipbuilders
• Mysteriously
collapsed around
1400 B.C.
Greek City States
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Because of the hills and
mountains each polis (city-state)
formed its own government and
laws.
Three types of government
develop, Monarchy, Aristocracy,
and Oligarchy. A fourth,
Democracy, later develops in
Athens.
Citizens were expected to defend
the Polis
Because of trade amongst each
other, each polis had a similar
language, religion, and beliefs.
Sparta’s Men
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Military state with a large army
Government is an Oligarchy
Used slaves (helots) to farm
Social rules were strict , travel
to outside cities was
discouraged, and foreigners
were discouraged from visiting
Individualism was discouraged
New ideas were discouraged
Boys leave home at age 7 to
begin military training
Service to Sparta came before Sparta maintained a military to
anything else, including family prevent a slave revolt. How might
this strict social structure limit a
society?
Spartan Women
• Spartan women managed the estate while the men trained in the
military. She owned her own land and it was not under the control of
her husband
• Even though Spartan women were citizens, they were not allowed to
vote, or speak at the public assembly. Their husbands to voice their
opinions for them.
• Spartans value duty, strength, and discipline and wives that produce
sons with these values are honored. Women that could produce the
strongest children were the most valued.
• Spartan girls were educated, and did not have to perform domestic
chores. Instead they supervised the Helots.
• Spartan girls lived at home until marriage, usually around 18.
• Spartan girls were expected to remain fit.
Athens
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Government is a direct
democracy where every citizen
voted on issues and laws
Citizens Assembly are the
governing body
Most people (women, slaves, and
foreigners) in Athens were not
citizens
Build a huge navy (over 200
ships) and increase their wealth
through trade.
Invented the first theatres, with
plays that are tributes to the gods.
Great lovers of art and sculpture.
Value is in order, balance, and
proportion. They love the human
form.
In what ways is Athenian
democracy similar to and
different from American
democracy?
Women in Athens
• Women were regarded as inferior
to men and could not be citizens
• Women managed the home,
subject to the will of her husband
• Athenian women could not vote
and had no say in the government
• Athenian women could own
clothing and slaves, but not land or
enter into contracts
• Girls were married at age 15 to
someone picked by her father. He
was often much older and was
chosen because of his wealth.
Girls had no say in who they
married.
The Golden Age of Greek Culture
• Philosophy: based on the idea that
through reasoning man can understand
the world
– Socrates: used questioning method to
determine moral questions (Socratic
Method)
– Plato: Explained government ideas of a
perfect city state led by a philosopher king
in The Republic
– Aristotle: classified and analyze the world.
In Politics he analyzed 3 forms of
government (monarchy, aristocracy, and
constitutional) and determined that a
constitutional government was best for the
most people.
In Plato’s Republic,
there are 3 social
classes led by a
philosopher king.
This is not a
democratic society.
What reasons
might he have
preferred this type
of government?
Socratic Question
You are driving your truck and you pass by a
bus stop. Sitting in the rain are three people
and you can only give one a ride.
•One is a little old lady who will die if she
does not get to the hospital
•One is the love of your life
•One is a person who once saved your life.
•Tell me which ONE you would give a ride to,
and why… and also why not the other two.
The Golden Age of Greece
• Art: sculptures were made
to look life like
• Architecture: marble
building with an attempt to
make them perfect
• Mathematics:
– Eratosthenes: showed the
earth was round and
calculated its circumference.
– Archimedes: revolutionized
geometry and invented
many different types of
devices
QUIZ
THE GREEK ORDERS
DORIC
IONIC
CORINTHIAN
QUIZ
The PARTHENON – Temple to Athena
On the Acropolis in Athens
DISCUS THROWER:
Demonstrates the
importance of
Athletics
(the Olympics)
in Ancient Greek life.
QUIZ
The Golden Age of Greece
• Literature:
– Sophocles wrote the 1st known
comedies and tragedies.
– Aeschylus wrote the a trilogy or
three plays built around a common
theme
• History:
– Herodotus: wrote The History of the
Persian War, the 1st real history of
Western civilization
– Thucydides: Athenian general who
is considered to be the greatest
historian of the ancient world
Greek Amphitheater
What can we
learn from the
literature of a
people?
Peloponnesian Wars
432 B.C. to 404 B.C.
• Athens and Sparta were rivals
• Athens forced other city states to pay them
taxes
• Sparta threatens every Polis around them
with their large army.
• Sparta declared war on Athens.
• Sparta’s army lays siege to Athens
– Athens uses her navy to remains supplied
• After 30 years Sparta wins when a plague
breaks out in Athens and Pericles dies
• Results:
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Weakened the city states
Widespread poverty
Athens was devastated
Sparta became the leading polis
Alexander the Great
• Because of the Peloponnesian
War weakened Greece,
Macedonia was able to unify all
of Greece.
• Alexander, King Phillip’s son,
became king
• Alexander was a pupil of
Aristotle
• Alexander’s began conquering
neighboring countries and soon
controlled land from Greece to
North Africa to India.
• Alexander was never defeated
in battle
• At Alexander’s death, the
Greek empire was it’s most
dominant.
• His empire was divided among
his 4 generals
What affect did the
Peloponnesian Wars
have on the future of
Greece?
Hellenistic Culture
• Hellenistic Culture=
blending of the cultures of
Greece, the Middle East,
and India.
• Hellenistic Achievements:
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Math
Science
Art
Philosophy
Sculpture of
Alexander the
Great
Suggested Lessons
• Classical Greece Activity
• Nystrom Activity 16: Civilizations of
Ancient Greece
• Nystrom Activity 17: Growth of Greek CityStates
• Nystrom Activity 18: The Conquests of
Alexander the Great
Rome
Geography of Rome
• Rome was located
in the center of Italy
with mountains to
the north and a sea
to the west.
• The mountains
protected them
from invasion and
the sea served as
protection and a
route for trade.
What would be the advantages
and disadvantages of being
isolated as your society develops?
Roman Republic
• 2 social classes:
– Patricians (wealthy land owners)
– Plebeians (small farmers,
craftsmen, merchants)
• Republic: government by
representatives
• Senate= assembly of 300
patricians elected for life. Served
as the legislative branch.
• Consuls= 2 elected officials.
Served as the executive branch.
Each could veto the other. They
controlled the army. Served a 2
year term and could not serve
again for 10 years.
• Tribunes= speakers elected by the
plebeians to solve local matters
What similarities are there
between the Roman Republic
government and the U.S.
government?
The Twelve Tables
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Laws were posted for all
citizens to see
Set of laws
Based on “rule of law”
Limited government
Covered civil, criminal, and
religious law
• All citizens were equal
under the law
• Contract= private
agreements can be
enforced by the
How are these laws similar to
government
and different from the Code of
Hammurabi?
Roman Empire
• Rome united Italy by
275 B.C.
• Roman began
expanding into North
Africa and the rest of
Europe after
defeating its main
rival Carthage.
Red = Roman Republic 510BC-40BC
Purple = Roman Empire 20AD-360AD
Blue = Western Roman Empire 405AD-480AD
Green = Eastern Roman Empire 405AD-480AD
Caesar
• Julius Caesar
• Conquered Spain and
Gaul (France)
• When the Senate
recalled him to Rome
he brought his army
with him and made
himself emperor for life
• He was assassinated in
44 B.C.
• Augustus Caesar
• Monarch (Emperor)
after Julius Caesar
• Re-established
Rome’s republican
institutions
• Removed corrupt
officials
• Revived old Roman
values and selfdiscipline
AUGUSTUS
First Emperor
of Rome
31 B.C. – 14 A.D.
QUIZ
Pax Romana: The “Roman Peace”
27 B.C. to 395 A.D.
• Rome brought peace to
the lands they
controlled.
• In the lands they
controlled they:
– Respected local custom
– Provided a system of
laws
– Promoted trade
– Offered Roman
citizenship to people
throughout the empire
What might be some
results of how the Romans
treated their conquered
lands?
Pax Romana
• Rome built 50,000
miles of roads
• Rome became the
center of:
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Trade
Communication
Commerce
Politics
Culture
Military power
Roman Road in Great
Britain
What advantages
are there for
having your
empire connected
by roads?
Pax Romana
• Rome made its army a
professional army at this
time
• Even though Rome
followed the “rule of law”,
slavery existed in Rome
• Much of Rome’s labor
forced consisted of slaves
• Rome held gladiatorial
games in the Colosseum
to entertain the people
“BREAD AND
CIRCUSES”
Keep the public too
happy to protest
- Free bread/food
- Gladiatorial games
- COLOSSEUM
QUIZ
Women in Rome
• Women were responsible
for household chores
• Women could not hold
office
• Women could own
property and make wills
• Rome placed high value
on marriage, home, and
family
• Lower class women often
worked outside the home
How is the way
women were
treated similar and
different in Greece
and Rome?
The Jewish Diaspora (Dispersion)
• Religious freedom was
allowed in Rome except all
people had to recognize the
emperor as divine
• The Jewish people did not
believe the emperor was
divine
• The Jews revolted in 66 A.D.
and in 135 A.D.
• Rome crushed both
rebellions and scattered the
Jews throughout the empire
Why was it an
advantage to Rome to
see the emperor as a
god?
Christianity
• Based on the teachings of Jesus
• He preached forgiveness, mercy,
and sympathy for the poor and
helpless
• Rome crucified Jesus because he
claimed to be the Messiah or savior
• His Apostles or followers spread
the religion across the empire
• Christians were killed in the
Colosseum for their refusal to
worship the emperor
• In the 4th century, Emperor
Constantine became a Christian
and Christianity became the official
Roman religion
The Fall of the Roman Empire
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Political Weakness: depended on the
ability of the emperor, many were corrupt
and ineffective
Economic Problems: a large empire led to
high taxes. Inflation and unemployment led
to economic problems. Up to 33% of Rome
were slaves. Up to 25% were jobless.
Military Decline: the professional army
consisted of non-Roman people who were
not loyal to Rome. Many were more loyal
to the general than to Rome.
Invasions: barbarians such as the Goths
and Huns continually attacked Rome
The western empire fell in 476 A.D.
The eastern empire lasted another
thousand years as the Byzantine Empire
How did Rome’s
success lead to its
failure?
Rome’s Legacy
• Law: the ideas of justice,
equality before the law, and
natural law based on reason
shaped future European
legal systems
• Language: Spanish, French,
Portuguese, Italian, and
Romanian are all derived
from Latin
• Engineering: Roman built
roads, bridges, aqueducts,
arches, and domes
• Christianity: once Rome
became Christian it spread
across the empire
ARCHITECTURE
• ARCH & DOME
QUIZ
ARCH OF CONSTANTINE
Arch of Titus
commemorating the
expulsion of the Jews
from Palestine.
QUIZ
The PANTHEON
“Temple of the gods”
QUIZ
QUIZ
ENGINEERING
• AQUEDUCT (carries water into city)
• Roads
• Concrete
QUIZ