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The Geography of Greece
Bronze Age Greece
Minoan World: 2000-1400 B.C.E.
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Aerial View of Knossos
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Minoan Civilization
Palace of King Minos – North
Entrance
Palace of King Minos Interiors
Palace of King Minos – Throne Room
Minoan
Ladies
Women had rights…
Minoan Culture - Religion
Minoan Priest
Minoan Snake
Mother Goddess
Religion was based on worshiping the Mother Goddess…
Bull Cult
…and based on worshiping the Bull.
Bull Jumping Fresco
Minoan
Trade
Coast of Crete
“Bireme” ship
Minoan success was based on trade, not conquest.
Minoan Artistic “Motifs”
Dolphins represent good fortune and show the importance of the sea.
Early Writing System:
“Linear A” (Undecipherable)
Cannon?
What caused
the End of the
Minoan
Civilization??
The Mycenaean World:
1500-1100 BCE
View of Mycenae
Archaeological “site”
Aerial View of Mycenae
Mycenae
Approach to the Lion’s Gate
Lion’s Gate Entrance to
Mycenae
Mycenaean Writing System:
“Linear B”
The Mycenaean Civilization
The Trojan War
What were the
real & mythical
causes of the
Trojan War??
Historically
• It is said that Troy controlled
trade from the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean.
• This area was known as the
“Vital Straits”
Helen of Troy:
“The Face That Launched 1000
Ships”
What
did she
look
like?
Greek Ships Landing on
Beaches of Troy
Plan of the City of Troy
The Nine “Layers” of Ancient
Troy
Homer’s
Troy
(VII)
Original Wall of the City of Troy
Wall of Troy Recreated
Dome of King Priam’s
Treasury
King Priam’s Treasure
Mask of Agamemnon
Brutal
Combat
Brutal Combat
Troy Grave Circles
The “Trojan Horse”?
Sir Heinrich Schliemann
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
Homer, the Blind Poet
Homer’s Great Epics
Homer’s View of the World
Migrations in the Aegean
Region Invasion of the Dorians
(DORIANS}
Greek Culture
Declined
Greek Culture Declined
• Greeks lived in Small Isolated
Villages.
• Reading and Writing Declined.
• Stories were passed on by word
of mouth.
Early Governments
• Monarchy-government in which a king or
queen exercises central power.
• Aristocracy-rule by a landholding elite.
• Oligarchy-power is in the hands of a
small, powerful elite, usually a business
class.
SPARTA: A Nation of Soldiers
SPARTA
SPARTA
Spartans- Dorians that conquered Laconia.
Helots – Mycenaean's enslaved by the Spartans.
Sparta
• Sparta was a Military State. From a
young age children (boys) were trained in
military tactics.
• Women would exercise and keep their
bodies in good physical health.
• Only men could vote.
• Sparta's government had two kings and a
council of elders.
Sparta’s Military
Phalanx- massive formation of
heavily armed foot soldiers.
ATHENS: A limited Democracy
View of the Past
Early Athenian Lawgivers
$ Corruption in Athens
aristocracy had too much power, people
called for reform.
$ Solon- first to reform the government, made
a move for democracy. (594 BCE)
$ Pisistratus-further helped the common
citizens by offering loans to the poor. (546BCE)
$ Cleisthenes- Established the Council of 500
and created the first (limited) democracy.
Why was it only a limited Democracy?
$ Only male citizens could vote.
$ Only male citizens could participate
in the government.
$ Slavery was still legal.
$ Women had no share in life
$ Only boys could go to school, if they
could afford it.
Piraeus: Athens’ Port City
Persian Wars: 490 BCE – 479 BCE
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$ Marathon (490 BCE)
§ 26.2 miles from Athens
§ 25,000 Persians, under Persian
Leader Darius‘
§ Greeks were out numbered 3 to 1
§ Greeks Won
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$Thermopylae (480 BCE)
§ 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass
§ 25,000+ Persians led by Xerxes
§ Spartans hold them off till Sparta was
betrayed.
§ Sparta Lost
§ Persia Marched and burned Athens
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$Salamis (480 BCE)
§ Athenian navy lured the Persian navy
into the narrow Strait of Salamis.
§ Athenian Navy rowed their boats into the
Persian Ships and sank them.
§ Athens is victorious.
After the Persian Wars
$Greeks felt Strong and realized their
place in the world.
$Athens emerged as the most powerful
City-State.
$Delian League was Established – United
Greek Allies.
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Direct Democracy was established
Golden “Age of Pericles”
$Government Thrived
$Economy Thrived
$Athenian assembly established:
6000 members had to be present
$You were paid for government Service.
$Judge and Jury
$Ostracism – Vote to send away a
government official who threatened
democracy.
Thucydides
• Historian who lived in the Age of
Pericles.
• Recorded events for Athens.
Peloponnesian Wars
Peloponnesian Wars
431 - 404 BCE (27 years)
$Greek vs. Greek
$Sparta vs. Athens
$Sparta got help from Persia
$After the War Athens was no longer a
military power. It was however, the
center for Greek Culture.
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Socrates (469 – 399 BCE)
§ Know thyself!
§ question everything
§ Socratic Method of Teaching
§ Only the pursuit of goodness
brings happiness.

§ At Age 70 he was put on trial
for “corrupting the youth.”
§ He was sentenced to exile but
choose suicide.
Great Athenian Philosophers
$Plato (Socrates' Student)
e The Academy (School)
e The Importance of Reason
e The Republic (book) His vision of an
ideal state.
e Did not trust democracy
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Aristotle (Plato's’ Student)
§ The Lyceum (School)
Study: Politics, Ethics, Logic, Biology,
Literature, Math Etc.
§ “Golden Mean” [everything in
moderation].
§ Logic.
§ Scientific method.
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
$ DRAMA (tragedians):
§
Aeschylus
§
Sophocles (Father of Tragedy)
§
Euripides
$ COMEDY:
§
Aristophanes (Father of Comedy)
Wrote: Lysistrata
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
$ THE SCIENCES:
۩ Pythagoras
Pythagorean Theorem
۩ Democritus
all matter made up of small atoms.
۩ Hippocrates –
“Father of Medicine”
Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
The Agora
Was the term for a Marketplace
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Greeks saw the human body as beautiful, they sculpted the body
with realism and natural poses but had an idealistic approach.
Olympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Olympia: Temple to Hera
The 2004 Olympics
Macedonia Under Philip II
Macedonia Under Philip II
$ Philip conquered and united all of Greece
under the Macedonia Empire in 338 BCE.
$ Philip was assassinated, Alexander was
placed on the Throne.
$ In 334 BCE Alexander conquered the weak
and often rebellious Persian Empire.
(Darius III was Emperor)
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Macedonia Under Alexander
$ In 331
BCE
he took Babylon.
$ He conquered Egypt, Persia, India.
$ Alexander faced armies that had
Elephants and Superior numbers.
$ Alexander died of a sudden fever. His
Empire was divided up and fought over.
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
Hellenistic Culture – assimilation of Greek,
Indian, Egyptian and Persian Cultures.
The Hellenization of Asia
Most lasting achievement was the spread of
Greek Culture.
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
Alexandria Egypt was the center of Hellenistic Culture
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Stoicism - Zeno
§ nature is the expansion of divine
will; just go with the flow
§ Avoid Desire.
§ get involved in politics to perform
virtuous acts for the good of all.
§ true happiness is found in
great achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
$ Scientists / Mathematicians:
§
Aristarchus - heliocentric theory. Idea
that sun is center of the solar-system.
§
Euclid wrote the Element –
Modern Geometry
§
Archimedes – Physics
Mastered the idea of a lever and a
pulley.
$ Hellenistic Art:
– More realistic; less ideal than
Greek art.
– Showed individual emotions,
wrinkles, and age !