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Ancient Greece Beginning of Greece ► Geography pg 1 of Greece had a lot to do with how early Greeks lived. ► Greece has long uneven coastlines ► The sea was very important to the early Greeks, many became sailors, fishers, & traders ► People from Egypt and the Fertile Crescent also came to Greece, bringing goods and ideas along. Geography ► Geography Pg. 2 of Greece kept people from developing a sense of unity. ► Mountain ranges cut up the Greek mainland & kept villages apart. ► Rivers were short & did not aid travel between villages. ► Smaller City-states arose rather than a large united Greece country. Early Greek People ► First Pg. 3 people lived in Greece about 55,000 years ago. ► The Minoan Civilization was the earliest Greek civilization. The Minoan civilization flourished on the island of Crete around 2,000 B.C. ► The Minoan civilization was named after their King Minos who lived in the city of Knossos. ► Minoan people were very advanced, palace and homes were large, running water, toilets, and drainage systems. ► Minotaur- mythical creature that was half bull, half man lived in labyrinth (maze) in Knossos. ►Story of Minotaur and Athenian people. ► Frescoes- paintings made on wet plaster made by artists. ► Maintained Strong Navies ► It was said that a volcano erupted on a nearby island causing tidal waves weakening the Minoan civilization. ► Around 1400 B.C. Mycenaeans from mainland Greece conquered central Crete and the Minoan Civilization. ► Pg. 4 Mycenaean's Pg. 5 ► The Mycenaeans controlled mainland Greece from about 1600-1200 B.C. ► Mycenaeans were a warring people and carried out raids throughout the eastern Mediterranean ► Earthquakes and warfare had destroyed most of the Mycenaean cities by 1200 B.C. ► Mycenaeans adopted many elements of the Minoan civilization after conquering Crete. ►Used Minoan system of writing called Linear B ►Dorian’s sent Greece into Dark Ages with no written records???? City States of Greece ► During Pg 6 the 800’s and 700’s B.C. the Greeks formed a number of individual city-states ► Polis- Greek word city-state ► A polis usually developed around a fort ► Polis came to be known as the fort, its city, and the surrounding farming villages ► Greek people were very loyal to their polis ► Each Polis was absolutely independent and selfsufficient. City-States Cont’d ► Many Pg. 7 of the city-states were alike in many ways. ► They covered a small amount of land and usually had a population of 10,000 people or less. ►Most ► The of these people were slaves or non-citizens. largest two city-states were Athens and Sparta which were about the size of Rhode Island & Connecticut. City States ► Acropolis- Pg. 8 hill or mountain where city-states were built. ► Agora- marketplace, public meeting place. ► Each city-state formed its own government, laws, calendar, money, & system of weights and measures. ► All ancient Greeks had certain things in common; Language (People who didn’t speak Greek were considered Barbarians) Religious Ideas, Culture, Social Patterns & Greek festivals. Greek Government & Society ► Myths – Traditional stories about gods, goddesses, and heroes ► Homer – Blind poet who wrote about Trojan War 500 years after it took place. ► Iliad – Homer’s epic on the Trojan War ► Odyssey – Homer’s epic that tells story of Greek hero Odysseus on way home from Trojan War. ► Olympic Games – Greek Festival including sports, music, and Literature. Pg. 9 ► Oracles – Believed the God spoke through priest & priestesses at these special places. ► Aristocracies – city-states controlled by Nobles ► Hoplite – Greek infantry who carried long spears and fought in closely spaced rows. ► Tyrants – Rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support. ► Popular Government – idea that people should rule themselves. ► Democracy – government in which citizens take part. ► Pg. 10 Homeric Age ► During Pg. 11 the Dark Ages, the Dorian people didn’t keep written records. ► During this period few people could write, so most communication was oral, or spoken. ► Since nothing was written, most news was communicated through traveling poets who sang, recited folk songs, ballads, or epics. ► Epic – long poem about heroes and great events. Iliad & Odyssey ► The Pg. 12 Iliad & Odyssey were both written around 700 B.C. by Homer??? ► Homer wrote the Iliad 500 years after it happened. ► The Iliad tells the legend of the Trojan war that talks about the Trojan prince Paris who falls in love with the Mycenaean kings wife Helen. ► Paris kidnaps Helen and takes her with him to Troy. ► The Mycenaeans laid siege to Troy for 10 years but cannot capture the city. ► The Mycenaeans win the battle by building a wooden horse and hiding inside it. ► Meanwhile the Trojans think it’s a “gift” and pull the horse inside the city. Later that night the Mycenaean soldiers leap out of the horse and conquer Troy. ► The Odyssey tells the adventure of the Mycenaean King Odysseus on his way home from the Trojan war which took 10 years. Pg. 13 Greek Religion ► Greeks Pg. 14 looked to Religion for three things. 1) They wanted religion to explain nature ►Ex. They wanted to know what caused lightning, thunder, and the change of seasons. 2) Wanted religion to explain emotions that cause people to lose self control. ►Considered self control very important. 3) Believed religion could bring certain benefits such as a long life, good luck, or a good harvest. ► Did not expect religion to save them from sin. Oracles ► Greeks Pg. 15 gave human qualities and personalities to their gods, who live on Mount Olympus. ► Greeks believed gods spoke through priest and priestesses at special places called the Oracles. ► People often went there to ask questions about the future. Olympics ► Pleasing Pg. 16 Gods was an important part of Greek life and the most important were the Olympic Games. ► Showing strength and bravery in athletic contests were one way to do this. ► The Olympics were held for the first time in 776 B.C. and every four years after that in honor of Zeus. ► Only men could watch and compete and only the winner received wreaths and olive branches. ► There were no second & third prizes. Greek Government Pg. 17 ► Greek city-states that were controlled by nobles were known as Aristocracies. ► Aristocracy use to mean “rule by the best” and over time the term came to describe a privileged social class, usually composed of the wealthiest landowners. ► By the 600’s B.C. wealthy nonaristocrats could afford costly weapons and armor. ► The Hoplite emerged in many parts of Greece. Hoplites were heavy infantry who carried long spears and who fought in closely spaced rows. ► Aristocrats became no match for the powerful hoplite soldiers. ► As hoplites became more important to the defense of the city-state, they demanded more say in its daily government. ► Poor citizens, especially farmers, were unhappy with the rule of the nobles and many began to look for new leaders. Pg. 18 ► Pg. ► The 19 leaders who were able to bring a better life to the people were the Tyrants. ► Early on tyrants ruled well, then slowly they became too powerful and unjust. The word tyrant came to mean someone who uses absolute power brutally. ► Around 650 B.C. many Greek city-states overthrew their tyrants. Government ► In Pg. 20 some of these city-states, the idea of popular government began to take root. ► Some city-states, such as Athens, developed forms of democracy. ► Women and slaves did not have political rights ► Other City-states maintained aristocratic forms of government or restored rule by kings or nobles.