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Ancient Greece
2000 BC-300 BC
Setting the Stage
• In ancient times, Greece was
not a united country. It was a
collection of separate lands
where Greek-speaking people
lived. By 3000 BC, the
Minoans lived on the large
Greek island of Crete. The
Minoans created an elegant
civilization that had great
power in the Mediterranean
world. At the same time,
people from the plains along
the Black Sea and Anatolia
migrated and settled in
mainland Greece.
Physical Features of Greece
I. The Development of Greek Civilization
A. Reasons why Ancient Greece flourished:
1. The Greek peninsula had excellent harbors along the
Mediterranean Sea to stimulate trade.
2. Surrounded by numerous islands; about 2000 in the Aegean
and Ionian Seas.
3. Favorable climate: long dry summers and short mild winters.
4. Mountain ranges covered about ¾ of the land, protected
Greece from the Northern climate, and divided the land into
different regions.
5. Lack of usable land and fresh water limited the population of
Greece.
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Greek Empire
Mediterranean Sea
Physical Features of Greece
The Pyrenees, Alps, and Balkan
Mountain ranges protect Greece from
the Northern climate.
The Greek peninsula
has excellent harbors
to stimulate trade and
is surrounded by
numerous islands.
Civilization Develops
I.
Early Greeks
A.
Mycenaeans
1. The people who settled the Greek mainland around 2000
BC were known as Mycenaeans, after their leading city,
Mycenae.
2. Located in Southern Greece the city was fortified to
withstand any attack.
3. A warrior-king controlled Mycenae as well as the
surrounding towns and villages; these kings dominated
Greece from 1600-1100 BC.
4. c. 1500 BC they came into contact with the Minoans;
gained ideas about trade, writing, art, politics, and
literature.
5. During the 1200s, the Mycenaeans fought a 10 year war
against Troy. Many believe the Trojan War was fictional,
however, archaeological studies have supported the
reality of the war. (Look at pgs.124-25)
Civilization Develops
I.
Early Greeks
A. Dorians
1. Not long after the Trojan War, Mycenaean
civilization collapsed. The Dorians attacked and
took over the land.
2. The Dorians were less advanced, especially in
writing. They learned through oral tradition. Their
greatest storyteller was Homer, who composed epics
around 750-700 BC.
a. Homer’s greatest epic was The Iliad.
b. Greek myths also developed about the Greek
gods. (Through the myths, Greeks sought to
understand the mysteries of nature and human
passions)
Heroes of The Iliad
Greek Gods and
Goddesses:
The Olympians
The Twelve Olympians, in Greek
mythology, were the principal gods of
the Greek pantheon, residing atop
Mount Olympus. There were, at various
times, fourteen different gods
recognized as Olympians, though never
more than twelve at one time. Zeus,
Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes,
Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo,
and Artemis are always considered
Olympians. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus,
and Hades are the variable gods among
the Twelve.
Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to
Dionysus in order to live among mankind
(eventually she was assigned the role of
tending the fire on Mount Olympus).
Persephone spent six months of the year in
the underworld (causing winter), and was
allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the
other six months in order to be with her
mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was
always one of the principal Greek gods, his
home in the underworld of the dead made his
connection to the Olympians more tenuous.
The Olympians gained their supremacy in the
world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to
victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera,
Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were
siblings; all other Olympians (with the
exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually
considered the children of Zeus by various
mothers, except for Athena, who in some
versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone.
Additionally, some versions of the myth state
that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as
Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.
Aphrodite
The goddess of Love and
Beauty
Apollo
The god of the Sun and the Music
Ares
The god of War
Artemis
The goddess of the Hunt
Athena
The goddess of Wisdom and
Arts
Demeter
The goddess of the Harvest
Dionysus
The god of the Wine
Hades
The god of the Underworld
Hephaestus
The god of Metallurgy
Hera
The goddess of the Family
Hermes
The god of the Trade
Hestia
The goddess of the Hearth
Poseidon
The god of the Seas
Zeus
The King of the Gods and ruler of
mankind
Greek Colonies
Birth of Greek City-States
I. City-States/Polis (750 B.C. to 400 B.C.)
A. City-States were small in area, with about 50-500 square miles of land and
no more than 10,000 people.
B. Each city-state had its own special gods or goddesses.
C. Traded with each other.
D. Citizens met at an agora (marketplace) or acropolis (fortified hilltop) to
discuss gov’t and politics.
Reasons for the Lack of Greek Unity
I. Reasons for the lack of Greek unity:
A. Greece's many mountains isolated and separated the city-states.
B. The various Greek city-states had different types of governments:
1. Limited Monarchies- The king ruled the gov’t; power of the king
was limited by the nobles.
2. Aristocracies- gov’t ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning
families.
3. Oligarchies- a small group of nobles, merchants, artisans, etc. ruled the
gov’t.
4. Limited Democracies- citizens had many rights and participated
directly in political decision making.
C. Patriotism was for each individual city-state rather than for the country.
**Examine Chart on p.128
Athens: Home of Greek Democracy and Culture
I. Athens: Home of Greek Democracy and Culture.
A. Athens and Greek Democracy:
1. Athens was a busy center of manufacturing and commerce.
2. Education was very important in Ancient Athens.
3. A peaceful city-state.
B. Building Democracy:
1. Draco-developed a legal code that all Athenians were equal under the
law; he also believed in harsh punishments for criminals.
2. Solon-outlawed debt slavery; organized Athenians into social classes
based on wealth.
3. Cleisthenes-reorganized society based on where people lived; increased
power of the assembly; created the Council of 500; allowed citizens to
participate in limited democracy.
Solon
Cleisthenes
“Father of Athenian democracy”
Athens: Home of Greek Democracy and Culture
C. Pericles-leader during the Golden Age of Greece
1. A very popular and well-liked leader of Athens.
2. He beautified Athens and constructed exquisite temples.
a. The Parthenon on the Acropolis.
3. Introduced direct democracy.
4. Encouraged the arts.
a. Writers, artists, sculptors, poets, musicians, and
philosophers abounded.
Pericles
Athens
Athens: Home of Greek Democracy and Culture
Sparta: A Military Society
I. Sparta: A Military Society
A. Sparta focused on foreign conquest in response to population pressure.
1. Neighboring city-states were conquered and annexed.
B. Citizens lived according to stern rules and strict regulations, society was
extremely structured.
1. Individual lives were regulated from birth to death.
2. Citizens were denied freedom of speech or property ownership.
3. All land was owned by the state and rented out to people.
a. Political rights were granted only to a small body of land-owning aristocrats.
Located in Peloponnesus
Sparta: A Military Dictatorship
B. Strong military life
1. Every new-born infant was examined by a committee.
a. Babies were abandoned to die if it showed any type of deformity.
2. At the age of seven, male children were taken from their parents and trained
as soldiers until they were 30, but served in the army until 60.
a. Endured harsh physical training designed to make them used to suffering
and hardship.
3. Girls also received some military training. Women ran the family estates while
their husbands were at war.
Sparta: A Military Dictatorship
C. Slave labor
1. Spartan citizens were not allowed by law to engage in work or trade.
2. State-owned slaves, called Helots, worked the land.
3. Freeman from neighboring city-states carried out manufacturing and commerce.
Spartan men lived off the work of
Helots so that they could devote their
entire life to being a soldier.
Sparta & Athens Diagram
Sparta & Athens (Venn Diagram)
Persian Wars
I. Persian Wars (499 B.C. to 479 B.C.)
A. The Cause of the Persian War.
1. Persia (Modern day Iran) wanted to stop the expansion of the Greek Empire.
Persian & Greek Alliances Map:
Greek Battle Uniform
Greek Battle: Phalanx
Greek Battle: Phalanx
1st Persian War: Battle of Marathon
II. Highlights of the Persian War:
A. The Persian War united all of Greece.
1. Sparta and Athens, bitter rivals, united to fight the Persians.
B. King Darius of Persia led the Persian invasion of Greece in 490 B.C.
1. The invasion was repulsed at the Battle of Marathon.
2. Persia was forced to retreat.
King Darius
1st Persian War: Battle of Marathon
Battle of Marathon:
A messenger named
Pheidippides ran about 25
miles, from Marathon to
Athens, to announce the
defeat of the Persians. At
the end of the march he died
of exhaustion.
2nd Persian War: Thermopylae
I. In 480 B.C., Xerxes (son of Darius) led an invasion of Greece with the Persian
army and navy.
A. Persian army of over 20,000 soldiers met the Greek army of 7000 (with 300
Spartans) under the leadership of King Leonidas at Thermopylae.
1. Spartan army was massacred and panic spread through Greece and
Athens was threatened.
a. However, King Leonidas and the Spartan army’s heroic last stand delayed
the Persian advance and allowed the other Greek city-states to unify.
2nd Persian War: Salamis
II. The Athenian navy lured the Persian navy into battle at Salamis.
A. The Athenians decisively defeated the Persians.
1. The Persian Army was forced to retreat from Greece.
Xerxes, the king of Persia
during the second invasion
of Greece, watched the
Battle of Salamis from a
cliff side.
Overview: 1st & 2nd Persian Wars Map
2nd Persian War: Aftermath
B. Athens emerged as the leader of the Greek city-states.
1. Delian League was formed.
a. Led by Athens, it provided for the common defense of Greece.
C. Sparta became jealous and withdrew from the league.
1. Sparta felt that it should be the leader.
2. Sparta and its allies formed the Peloponnesian League to counter the
Delian League.
Peloponnesian Wars
I. Peloponnesian Wars (459 B.C. to 404 B.C.)
A. Sparta became jealous of Athenian culture, prosperity, and trade leadership
after the Persian War.
B. Sparta and Athens go to war to resolve the leadership of Greece.
1. Athens had the strongest navy, but a weak army.
2. Sparta had a weak navy, but a powerful army.
C. After fifty years of fighting, Sparta finally defeated the Athenian navy
at Aegospotami in 404 B.C.
D. Sparta became the new leader of Greece. (404 B.C. to 371 B.C.)
1. Abolished all democratic reforms throughout Greece.
E. In 371 B.C., Sparta was defeated by Thebes, another Greek city-state.
1. Sparta's harsh dictatorship came to an end.
Hellenistic Period (350 B.C. to 146 B.C.)
I. Hellenistic Period (350 B.C. to 146 B.C.)
A. Years preceding the Roman conquest of Ancient Greece, led by Macedonia.
B. Macedonia, located North of Greece, had a rough terrain and cold climate.
C. Leadership during the Hellenistic Period:
1. King Philip of Macedon (356 B.C. to 336 B.C.)
a. Defeated Greece and united it with Macedon.
b. Philip planned to invade Persia, but was assassinated, while attending
his daughter’s wedding.
Many scholars suspect to this day that the assassination of King Philip of Macedon by agents of his wife,
Olympias, to elevate their son, the future "Alexander the Great" to the thrones of Macedon and Greece was
a successful conspiracy. "Alexander the Great", himself, continues to be a suspect in the murder of Philip,
his own father, in his ascension to the throne.
Alexander the Great
II. Alexander the Great (336 B.C. to 323 B.C.)
A. Son of King Philip of Macedon.
B. Put down uprisings in Greek cities after his father's death.
C. Conquered Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan, and northern India.
D. The city of Alexandria, Egypt became the capital of Alexander's empire.
E. Alexander the Great died of fever in 323 B.C. at the age of 33.
1. Alexander the Great's empire collapsed soon after his death.
2. His kingdom was divided among his top-ranking officials: AntigonusMacedonia, Ptolemy-Egypt, Seleucus-Persian Empire.
The Conquest of Alexander the Great
Conquest of Alexander the Great: Map
Results of the Hellenistic Period
III. Results of the Hellenistic Period.
A. Cultural fusion
1. East (Orient) met the West (Greece)
2. Improvements in science, health and welfare, and the arts developed.
Achievements of Ancient Greece: Theater & Arts
I. Achievements in literature:
A. Poetry
B. Theater-dramas-tragedies and comedies
C. History
D. Oratory
Achievements of Ancient Greece: Science
II. Achievements in Science and Greek scientists.
A. Euclid- used geometry, wrote Elements, proofs for geometry.
B. Hippocrates- diseases were the result of natural causes and not by demons.
C. Aristarchus- proved the earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun.
D. Strabo- wrote the first geography book.
E. Herophilus- dissected the human body and discovered that blood ran through
the body via arteries.
F. Archimedes- gave the world the principles of the pulley and the screw and
lever, calculated value of pi.
Hippocrates- He said that diseases
were the result of natural causes
and not by demons or cast upon
humans by the gods as many
ancient Greeks believed.
Archimedes- gave the world
the principles of the pulley and
the screw and lever.
Achievements of Ancient Greece: Philosophy
III. Philosophy
A. Socrates (469 B.C. to 399 B.C.)
1. Question all things as a way of arriving at the truth.
2. Socrates was put to death for questioning the institutions & ideas of his time.
B. Plato (427 B.C. to 347 B.C.)
1. Pupil of Socrates
2. Urged people to seek perfection in what they thought and did.
C. Aristotle (384 B.C. to 322 B.C.)
1. Pupil of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great.
2. Aristotle's teachings in psychology, botany, logic, politics, and biology were
authoritative for hundreds of years.
The Death of Socrates
Plato & Aristotle
Achievements of Ancient Greece: Architecture
IV. Greek Art
A. Architecture
1. Temples made of marble
2. Three styles of columns were designed.
a. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Achievements of Ancient Greece: Sculpture
V. Sculpture
A. Masters at sculpting the human form.
B. Skilled at representing violent emotions.
Terms to Know:
City-States
Limited Monarchies
Aristocracies
Oligarchies
Limited Democracies
Sparta
Helots
Athens
Pericles
Parthenon
Acropolis
Persia & Persian Wars
Phalanx
King Darius
Xerxes
Marathon, Battle of
King Leonidas
Thermopylae, Battle of
Salamis, Battle of
Delian League
Peloponnesian League
Peloponnesian War
Aegospotami
Socrates
Thebes
Hellenistic Period
King Philip of Macedon
Alexander the Great
Alexandria, Egypt
Cultural Fusion
Pantheism
Mount Olympus
Mycenaeans
Dorians
Homer
Epics
Draco
Solon
Cleisthenes
Greek drama
Plato
Aristotle
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Stoicism
Epicureanism
Colossus of Rhodes
Nike of Samothrace
Concepts to Know:
•Describe the geography of Greece and how it helped civilization develop.
•Explain the reasons for the lack of Greek unity?
•Describe the some of the developments in government in ancient Greece.
•Describe Spartan society.
•Describe Athenian society.
•What were some of the similarities and differences between Sparta and Athens?
•Explain the First Persian War. What were its results?
•Explain the Second Persian War. What were its results?
•What was the Peloponnesian War and why was it fought?
•What was the Hellenistic Period? Who was King Philip of Macedon?
•Describe the accomplishments of Alexander the Great.
•Describe the religion of ancient Greece. Who were some of the ancient Greek gods &
goddesses?
•Describe some of the major achievements in literature of ancient Greece.
•Describe some of the major achievements in science of ancient Greece.
•Describe some of the major achievements in philosophy of ancient Greece.
•Describe some of the major achievements in architecture of ancient Greece.
Homework
1. Complete notes through my PowerPoint online
2. You will also find review terms and concepts –
consider this your study guide in conjunction
with your vocab (some overlap)
3. 1 of 2 options listed on the board (Venn
Diagram or chart of major philosophers.)