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Chapter 4: Ancient Greece Focus: What enduring traditions and institutions did Greek culture extend to most of the Western world? Chapter 4- Ancient Greece 1750 B.C. – 133 B.C. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean 4.2- Rise of Greek City States 4.3- Conflict in the Greek World 4.4- The Glory That Was Greece 4.5- Alexander and the Hellenistic Age 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Focus: How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek Civilization? The Greek culture is believed to have had its earliest beginnings on the Island of Crete Crete was influenced by many other area’s surrounding the Mediterranean: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia (Cultural Diffusion) 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Crete was home to a civilization known as the Minoans The name Minoan comes from the name of the Island nations greatest king: Minos. King Minos along with other rulers lived in a palace at Knossos* Knossos was covered with frescoes*-watercolor paintings 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Minoans replaced by Mycenaeans Conquer Greek mainland and Crete Known as excellent sailors and traders 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Mycenaeans* (Greeks) are best remembered for their part in: The Trojan War Fought against Trojans (Troy) *Trojan Horse Greeks finally seize Troy and burn it to the ground 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Much of Early Greek History comes from the Epic Poems: The Iliad and The Odyssey Epic Poems written by Homer Show the values of ancient Greece: honor, courage 4.2 Rise of the Greek City State Focus: How did government & culture develop as Greek citystates grew? 4.2 – The Rise of Greek City-States Geography Mountains & water divide valley’s into isolated valleys- develop citystates- including a city and its surrounding country side Rivalry led to frequent war between states ¼ of land is farmable Easy access to the sea – powerful traders & sailors Adopt Phoenician alphabetbecame basis for all Western alphabets Greece - Geography 4.2 – Governing the City-States Polis – independent Greek city-states- made up of a major city or town, and the surrounding countryside Acropolis – highest point of the city (hilltop) Temples dedicated to the gods 4.2 – Governing the City-States Citizens* –free residents Men spent time outdoors debating issues that affected their lives Rights of citizens unequal – male landowners hold all political power 4.2 – Governing the City-States Different forms of government Monarchy* – hereditary ruler has central power- early city-states Aristocracy – rule by landholding elite- nobles eventually won power for themselves from the king Oligarchy – power by small group- wealthy elite (merchants, artisans, farmers) or middle class 4.2 – Greek Warfare- Tactics Cheaper iron weapons, replacing bronze, allowed for more people to afford them, increasing the power of the middle class Phalanx* - tactical formation of armed foot soldierscitizen soldiers had a strong sense of loyality 4.2 Greek City States Sparta: The Dorians Turned the conquered people into state-owned slaves called helots, and made them work the land Government: -2 Kings and a council - an assembly made up of all citizens approved major decisions Military Society: Children trained to fight early, boys taken at 7 to live in camps sickly and weak were discarded in the mountains Women*: Trained for military service (wrestling) protect home when men leave. Led to more rights 4.2 Greek City States Athens: Government: moved slowly to a democracy or rule by the people Solon reforms government, outlaws debt slavery, and changed the economy by exporting oil and wine Tyrants rose when the ordinary citizens demanded power They proposed reforms to help farmers and the poor Cleisthenes proposed a legislature*- law making body- all male citizens were expected to participate Only citizens could vote, meaning men with land- merchants and foreigners were excluded Women: rarely seen in public, stayed home to work Performed religious rituals Education: Knowledge very important (boys only) 4.2 – Forces of Unity The Greeks were united through common: Language Saw people who couldn’t speak Greek as less superior- barbaroi 4.2 – Forces of Unity Religion- Polytheistic- Greek Gods The Gods Home was Mount Olympus Greek Gods Zeus –over affairs of gods & humans Greek Gods Ares – god of war Greek Gods Aphrodite – goddess of love Greek Gods Athena – goddess of wisdom 4.2 – Forces of Unity Oracles – priests or priestesses through which the gods speak 4.3 Conflict in the Greek World Focus: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states? 4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World Focus: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states? The Persian Wars – Greece vs. Persian Empire 499 B.C. – Ionian Greeks rebel against Persian rule Athens helps Greek citystates (unity) Darius I becomes furious with this and sent forces to punish Athens for its interference 490 B.C. – Battle of Marathon Greeks defeat Darius Temporary win- Athens urged for help from other Greek city-states and ships 480 B.C. – Thermopylae Mountain pass guarded by Spartans – led be Leonidas Xerxes, Darius’ son defeats Greece (300) Bought time for Athenians and other Greeks (Athens burned)- Athenians had escaped 480 B.C. – Battle of Salamis Greeks defeat Xerxes on the sea with the ships that Athenians had been urged to build Greek ships (powered by rowers) sank the Persian navy with underwater battering rams Army defeated a year later Battle of Marathon Thermopylae 4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World Athens becomes most powerful city-state in Greece Delian League*- Formed as a result of Persian Wars To defend against future attacks Athenians began stealing money to rebuild their city An *Alliance – formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense- was created between the city-states 4.3 – Pericles & Direct Democracy in Athens 460 B.C. – 429 B.C. Pericles – an able statesman that led Athens into a golden age Forms Direct Democracy*- citizens take part directly in government affairs Stipend – fixed salary – paid government participantsenabled poor men to participate in gov. Jury – panel of citizens with authority to make the final judgment in a trial (possibly in the 100’s or 1000’s) Over 30 years old Serve one year Ostracism* – to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy 10 years outside of city 4.3 – Peloponnesian War (431 B.C. – 404 B.C.) Athens v. Sparta- lasted 27 years Peloponnesian League – Sparta & enemies of Athens- resented Athenian dominance Sparta – inland, had a powerful army Athens could not use its powerful navy Allows all Athenians inside city walls Overcrowding leads to plague Sparta defeats Athens with the aid of the Persians, who were the enemy of all Greeks Peloponnesian War 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Focus: How did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and people’s place in it? 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom Philosopher – thinker; seeks to understand and explain life – threat to Greek traditions Logic – rational thinking Reason and observation Rhetoric – art of skillful speaking Sophists believed in success was more important than moral truth Used words to advance their careersaccused of undermining values 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Athenian philosopher Questioned others about their beliefs and traditions- tried to help them seek truth and knowledge Seen as a threat by many, sentenced to death for corrupting the youth Drank hemlock, a poison to kill himself 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Plato A Student of Socrates Wrote The Republic Emphasized reason Believed smart women should be educated to help rule Ideal Society- the state should regulate every aspect of citizens’ lives Workers – produce necessities Soldiers – to defend Philosophers – rule, trained to ensure order and justice 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Aristotle- student of Plato Set up the Lyceum school Favored by a strong single leader Influenced Alexander the Great 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Idealism in Architecture and Art Parthenon Temple to the goddess Athena *Balance, order, and beauty Sculptures Lifelike Idealize the human body – perfect, graceful 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Greek Literature Large outdoor theatres Based on myths and legends Tragedy – told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster Comedy – humorous plays that mocked people or customs Used to criticized society 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Greek History Herodotus- father of modern history Went beyond listing names- told stories Wrote with bias Greek term historie- mean inquire Set standards for future historians 4.5- Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Focus: How did Alexander the Great expand the empire and spread Greek culture throughout the realm? 4.5 Alexander the Great From Macedonian Son of Phillip II Conquered Greece Wanted to capture Persia Was assassinated before he could do so 4.5 Alexander Great Alexander becomes Emperor at 20. Shares his fathers goals Great Military Leader Conquers Persian Empire (Egypt to India) Extends his empire as far east as India* Dies suddenly at 32Empire falls apart 4.5 Alexander Great Legacy: Combined Cultures: People assimilated* Greek ideas A blending of eastern and western cultures HELLENISTIC Alexandria, Egypt- cultural capital Lighthouse, Museum Center of learning Extended the Rights of Women Learned to read and write Enabled Cleopatra 4.5- Hellenistic Culture: The culture left behind from Alexander’s Empire became known as : Hellenistic Advances in: Philosophy Math and Astronomy Medicine 4.5 Hellenistic Culture Philosophy: Political turmoil creates new ideas Zeno- urges to accept life’s challenges Developed Stoicism All people are morally equal- power of reasoning Influenced Roman and Christian thinkers 4.5 Hellenistic Culture Math and Astronomy: Pythagoras- Pythagorean Theorem- relationship between the sides of a right triangle Aristarchus- proposes Heliocentric* universe - earth rotates on an axis and revolves around the sun Archimedes*- applied physics to make practical inventions :lever and pulley 4.5 Hellenistic Culture Medicine Hippocrates: Studies Illness and looked for cures Hippocratic Oath- set ethical standards for doctors Doctors: swear to help injured and sick according to their ability with only good intentions