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Ancient History CST REVIEW Stuff you should remember from 6th grade history 1 Paleolithic Era • Paleolithic Era also means Old Stone Age. • The Paleolithic or old stone age began 2 million years go. 2 Paleolithic Era • Homo Sapiens during this period were: – Nomads – The first to make simple tools and weapons. – Make cave art – Master the use of Fire. – Develop a language – Living in clans 3 Neolithic Era • Neolithic Era also means the New Stone Age. Homo Sapiens during this period: • Developed agriculture (farming) • Domesticated (tamed) animals • Used advanced tools like spears • Developed weaving skills 4 What did it all lead to? • All of these developments led to the rise of settlements and agriculture. • Increased the world’s population • The first cities • This advanced homo sapiens towards civilization. 5 River Valley Civilizations Major river systems supported permanent settlements and civilizations: a) Agriculture led to food surpluses b) Food surpluses led to complex societies with different classes c) Complex societies led to centers of culture and power (cities) Civilization River (s) Mesopotamia Euphrates & Tigris Egypt Nile Kush Nile 6 Geography The Fertile Crescent • Area of land between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia 7 Geography One land… two rivers • Mesopotamia means = “land between the rivers” – Tigris River and Euphrates River • Both rivers flooded once a year and left thick bed of silt. – Silt: rich, new soil farmers could plant and harvest enormous quantities of wheat 8 and barley Geography City-States -Geography separated Sumerian cities from each other--the desert made travel and communication difficult -Had a fortress to protect it from invaders, since it had no natural barriers for protection 9 Religion Polytheism: Belief in Many Gods Priests: served as rulers--go between humans and gods 10 Achievements Science and Technology • Invented the wheel, the sail, the plow • First to use bronze. • Developed first writing system called cuneiform • Built irrigation systems- water their crops 11 Politics Power of the Priests • Sumer’s earliest governments were controlled by temple priests – Farmers believed they needed blessings for success of their crops – Priests were the middle man for the gods – Priests demanded portion of farmer crops as tax 12 Politics City-States •A city-state was an independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages •-Each had its own government and culture 13 Code of Hammurabi • King of Babylonia (today southwestern Iraq)created a set of 282 laws that governed the people of Babylonia • Brought order and justice to society • Covered everyday life • Influenced later codes of law, even that of Greece and Rome 14 Economy • Specialization of Labor: people had different jobs to help society • Increasing trade along rivers – traded with Egypt • Development of the world’s first cities 15 Mesopotamian Society Kings and Priests Wealthy merchants Farmers Slaves 16 Egypt 17 Geography • Nile River – 4,100 miles long, flows northward • Every year in July the river flooded regularly leaving behind silt (rich soil). • The Nile-- longest river in the world! • Natural barriers kept out invaders: deserts on both sides of the Nile,cataracts (river rapids), delta marshes 18 Religion • Polytheistic • Deities controlled forces of nature & human activities • Gods & goddesses worshipped to make life go smoothly • Gods were seen as good to the people of Egypt • Built huge temples to honor gods • Believed in afterlife – Osiris – god of the dead 19 Book of the Dead • Important manuscript written in ancient Egypt • Collection of spells and prayers • Egyptians would study it to receive life after death • The god Osiris would grant life after death if people knew the magic spells 20 Achievements • Developed first paper called papyrus • Hieroglyphics: writing system using picture symbols to represent sounds 21 Achievements in Math and Science • Knowledge in math = skillful engineers – Pyramids – Palaces • Egyptian architects first to use stone columns in homes, palaces and temples 22 Achievements in Math and Science • Developed a 12 month, 365 day calendar from studying the stars – So accurate it was only 6 hours off from today’s calendar year 23 Egyptian Art • Architecture reflected religious beliefs (eternal life) • Art emphasized life after death 24 Politics • Egyptian kings = pharaohs =gods • Pharaohs stood at center of religion as well as government and army • Type of Government = Theocracy (government from god(s)) • Kingdoms were dynasties (line of rulers from the same family) 25 Economics • Farming--allowed Egyptians to have more food than needed Lower Egypt (surplus) • Irrigation: watering crops • Also used for transportation, drinking, bathing, cooking, cleaning • Traded with Mesopotamians Upper Egypt 26 Social Structure In order of rank: 1. Pharaoh 2. Priests and nobles 3. military 4. Traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes 5. Farmers and herders 6. Unskilled workers 7. slaves 27 Ancient Israelites 28 The First Israelites • Originally herders and traders from Mesopotamia (Iraq) that later traveled to Canaan (today Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan) • They were monotheistic, believing only in one God. • Abraham = founding figure of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 29 The Ten Commandments • Moses =Ten Commandments • While in the Sinai Desert for 40 years, according to the Bible, Moses was given the Ten Commandments. • The Ten Commandments were the laws of God that the Israelites were expected to follow. 30 The Ten Commandments • These laws became part of the Torah, which is the Hebrew Bible. • The Torah explained what God considered to be right and wrong. • Why important? The Ten Commandments helped shape the basic moral laws of many nations. 31 Judaism • Jews meet on the Sabbath in a synagogue • Exodus = escape from slavery in Egypt 32 Judaism •The Hebrew faith is known as Judaism •Followers of Judaism are known as Jews • Hebrew is the language of Judaism 33 The Survival of Judaism • Diaspora = Jews were scattered throughout the world. • Rabbis = teachers of Judaism 34 Ancient Greece 35 Geography • Mountainous geography led to independent citystates • Bodies of water (Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Mediterranean Sea) were used for trade 36 Politics • Early city-states were ruled by kings =monarchy • Some city-states had a few wealthy people rule= oligarchy • Other city-states supported one wealthy person to rule them = tyranny (similar to a monarch, but without the legal right to rule) 37 The Persian Empire • Founded by King Cyrus in 559 B.C.E. (ruled a diverse population) – Each region (satrapy) was allowed to have its own ruler • Expanded to include all of Western Asia and Egypt • Tried to conquer Greece twice – King Darius and King Xerxes (both failed)38 Effects of the Persian Wars • Greek victory creates a sense of unity • Athens had control of Greece through the Delian League. • Athens becomes rich and powerful 39 Athens and Sparta • Athens used its ports and navy to defeat the Persian army during the Persian Wars • Sparta used its well-trained army to defeat the Persian army. 40 Athens and Sparta • In Athens, eligible people focused on being good citizens by participating in governing the Athenian empire. • In Sparta, everyone focused on being or raising good soldiers. 41 Athenian Democracy • One city-state (Athens), allowed people to rule=democracy • Athenian democracy-anyone could be a citizen except: – Women – Slaves – Men not from Athens – Men who did not own property 42 Direct democracy • Government of ancient Athens • People would gather at large meetings to decide on government issues • Every free male citizen would vote first hand on laws and policies • This was possible in Athens since fewer than 6,000 citizens attended assemblies to vote every ten days 43 Representative Democracy • Citizens select representatives that will make governmental decisions on their behalf • A government in which people vote for representatives. The representatives make rules and laws that govern themselves and the people. • This is the same kind of government we have in the United States 44 The Peloponnesian War • After the Persian Wars, Athens became very powerful and rich – Other city-states felt Athens became too greedy and powerful • Sparta formed alliances and declared war on Athens= Peloponnesian War • Sparta Won 45 Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars • Ended the reign of Athens • Oligarchy replaced democracy • Macedonia becomes the next great power 46 The Rise of Alexander the Great • King of Macedonia (Philip) was assassinated • Alexander became king of Macedonia • Conquered the Greek citystates, Egypt, the Persian Empire, Western Asia, parts of India and Pakistan (the known world) • Spread Greek culture (Hellenism) 47 Hellenistic Culture • Blend of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences 48 Religion • Greeks had a polytheistic religion=belief in many gods • Mythology= explained changing of the seasons and the mysteries of nature. 49 Religion •Greek gods/goddesses had many human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy •Greek gods competed and fought with each other. (Zeus, Hera, Athena, Poseidon, Hades, and more) 50 Homer • Homer=Greates t Greek story teller • Told epic poems about the Trojan War = The Odyssey and The Illiad 51 Greek Art – Sculptures showed freedom of movement and energy - Sculptors tried to capture perfection 52 Greek Architecture • Temples and buildings – Parthenon – Acropolis – Amphitheatres • Columns – Doric (plain) – Ionic (balanced) – Corithian (decorative) • Still used today 53 Greek Drama • Greeks invented drama: • Tragedy – a serious stories about love, hate, war or betrayal • Comedy – stories with humor and satire which means they poked fun at customs or respected people 54 History • Herodotus – Greek historian who is known as the “father of history” – wrote about the Persian Wars • Thucydides –wrote about the Peloponnesian War. 55 Science • Archimedes – Discovered the principles of density and buoyancy • Hippocrates –the founder of medicine 56 Math • Euclid – the father of geometry • Pythagoras –founded the Pythagorean theorem 57 Ancient India 58 Geography • Heavy rains=Monsoons flooded rivers • Indus River and Ganges River supported agriculture • Agriculture led to civilization in IndiaMohenjo Daro 59 Aryan Invasions • Indo-European (Aryan) people arrived at India and blended with the native Harrapa people • They brought – New language (Sanskrit) – new gods – horses – Weapons made of iron • They conquered more of India 60 The Caste System Aryans also brought the caste system Brahman Warriors Merchants Untouchables 61 Hinduism • Belief in many gods= polytheistic – gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva • Based on the gods of the Aryans • Stories of the gods written in the Rig Veda 62 Hinduism •Includes belief in reincarnation=reborn into a different body after you die •Reborn until moksha (release) is achieved 63 Hinduism -Collections of sacred (holy) books – Rigveda – Bhagavad Gita • Stories, prayers and guide to a good life 64 Buddhism • Founder=Siddhartha Gautama • Born as a Brahma prince • Sheltered from pain and suffering 65 Siddhartha Gautama • At the age 25 he left the palace • He saw 4 men suffering – Old man – Sick man – Dead man – Poor man 66 Siddhartha Gautama = Buddha • He realized every living thing suffers • He wandered the forests of India looking for enlightenment = wisdom. • He found it and became Buddha= the enlightened one. 67 Four Noble Truths 1st Noble Truth: Every living thing suffers. 2nd Noble Truth: The cause of suffering is desire. 68 Four Noble Truths 3rd Noble Truth: The only way to end suffering is to give up all desires 4th Noble Truth: The way to get over these desires is to follow the Eight Fold Path 69 Eight Fold Path • Nirvana= Release from all selfishness and pain • Eightfold Path: – Right view - Right action – Right intention - Right effort – Right speech - Right mindfulness – Right livelihood - Right concentration 70 Buddhism Spreads • Emperor Asoka= Maurya Empire • Asoka converted to and spread Buddhism • He helped people by building roads, hospitals, schools, temples, and monasteries 71 Indian Advances • advanced math –Concept of zero –decimal system • Weapons= steel 72 Ancient China 73 Origin • Yellow and Yangtze Rivers • Flood in the spring (when snow melts) • Provided silt and water for farming rice and wheat 74 Staircase with _3_ steps • Barriers = made governing, trade, and communication difficult • mountains = Himalayas • deserts = Gobi – Both were barriers • river valleys = Yangtze and Yellow rivers 75 Daoism(Taoism) • Founder: Lao- Tsu • Philosophy that promotes a peaceful society • People should give up worldly desires • Turn to nature and the Dao -the force that guides all things • Seek inner peace and live in harmony with nature 76 Confucianism • Founder: Confucius • Wanted to bring peace to society • Put needs of family and community first • Each person has a duty • Education is important • Respect elders • Be polite 77 Shi Huangdi and The Qin Dynasty • First emperor of China • Unified China • Used Legalism = strict laws and punishments • Strong central government • Created one currency • Constructed canals and roads • First emperor to construct the Great Wall of China 78 The Han Dynasty • Use of civil service examinations--talented people fill government jobs • Use of bureaucracy was needed to rule China since its population was large • Country was secure under armies of the Han dynasty 79 The Silk Road • A large network of land and sea trade routes • Used by armies, merchants, and missionaries • Spread Buddhism, goods and ideas 80 The Roman Empire 81 Geography • Located in Italian Peninsula • Next to the Tiber River = transportation, fertile soil • Surrounded by hills = protection 82 Legendary Figures • Romulus and Remus (twin brothers) = legendary founders of Rome • The Aeneid = story of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans 83 Historical Figures • Cincinnatus – early dictator who gave up his power • Julius Caesar – Army general, dictator, ended the Republic • Cicero – Famous senator – Against dictators 84 Roman Government • Roman Republic – Consuls = 2 men in charge – Senate = advised the consuls – Assembly = citizens who voted – Tribune = spoke for the poor, elected, could veto (forbid) decisions made by the senate 85 Roman Expansion • The 1st and 2nd Punic Wars – Conquered the Mediterranean Sea – Made conquered cities pay taxes to Rome • Roman governors managed conquered lands • Trade – Use of trade routes – Use of currency 86 Republic to Empire Governors = generals (in charge of army) – ignored the Republic Governors (like Julius Caesar) did what they wanted – Senate lost power to governors – the senate assassinated Caesar 87 Republic to Empire • Augustus =1st Roman Emperor • Changed government – Kept the senate and the consuls – emperor could veto (forbid) senate’s decisions, and control the army • Empire = rule by emperor, republic gone 88 Jewish Diaspora • Rome conquered Palestine = Jewish homeland • Roman emperor = considered himself a god • Jews forced to worship him= they refused • Emperor Hadrian forces Jews to leave Palestine 89 Rise of Christianity • Started in Israel • Founded by a Jewish man = Jesus of Nazareth • Faith contains many ideas from Judaism – Monotheism – 10 commandments – belief in the final prophet =the messiah 90 Rise of Christianity Jesus – Born 30 b.c.e. – Preached love for everyone including enemies – Gathered 12 apostles = students – People called him messiah (king) – Roman and Jewish leaders worried Jesus might become too powerful – Jesus was sentenced to crucifixion (nailed to a cross) 91 Christianity Spreads • 4 Gospels = books written by 4 of Jesus’ students – Only source of information on Jesus • Paul of Tarsus (apostle of Jesus) – Spread information about Jesus throughout Roman territories 92 Christianity Spreads Ideas spread by Paul: • The holy trinity (God, Jesus, and the holy spirit = 3 in one) • Jesus died for people’s sins • He was resurrected and went up to heaven 93 Christianity Spreads Christianity was able to spread quickly and easily because of Pax Romana (Roman Peace): – very safe to travel 94 Architecture and Engineering Arches • a doorway or window without beams Aqueducts • brought clean water to cities from hills 95 Architecture and Engineering Roads = improved travel, trade, communication Sewers = carried away waste Domes and vaults= created buildings with high ceilings Bath houses = for exercise, relaxation, and bathing 96 Language and Literature Latin • Language of Rome – Led to Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, Romanian 97 Language and Literature Roman Historians • Livy (The Punic Wars) • Tacitus Roman Playwrights • Terence and Plautus – Both influenced Shakespeare Roman Philosophers • Seneca (stoicism) • Cicero Roman Poets • Ovid (Love Poems) • Virgil (The Aeneid) 98 Science Galen • Book of medicine used for 1,000 years Mining • Gold and silver Concrete • For large buildings Water mills • For grinding grain 99