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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology ANATOMY THE STUDY OF THE FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Where is the heart? How large is the liver? How many muscles do you have? gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye. PHYSIOLOGY Study of how a living organism works. How does the heart know when to beat? What makes a muscle stretch? How does the liver store CHO? PROTOPLASM Basic substance of all LIFE ordinary elements such as C O2 H S N P pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process. CELLS Protoplasm comes together to form cells CELLS are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. Microscopic Carry on all functions of life Require O2 Produce heat & energy Move & adapt to environment Eliminate waste products Perform special functions CELL PARTS Cell membrane- outer protective covering: Allows substances to enter & leave cell Cytoplasm: semi- fluid substance inside of cell. Contains water, fats, proteins, CHO, minerals, salts. ORGANELLS- Structures inside the cell Nucleus- The brain, main controls Nucleolus- RNA production inside the nucleus Chromatin- Inside the nucleus, makes DNA & chromosomes Mitochondria- rod shaped, powerhouse of the cell, makes energy Golgi Apparatus- Produces, stores & packages secretions for discharge form the cell. Garbage Compactor of the cell Endoplasmic Recticulum- tubular structures that allows for transportation of materials into & out of the cell. Train of the cell smooth- makes cholesterol, detox from drugs Rough- builds proteins Lysosomes- oval bodies that digest & destroy old cells. Pac Man of the cell Pinocytic Vesicles- folds in cell membrane. The folds capture & hold protein & fats, then form bubbles to help then enter the cell Reproduction Cells need to reproduce to keep organism alive Skin, blood forming cells, & intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously Muscle cells reproduce every few years, but most can be enlarged by exercising Special cells such as nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord do not reproduce after birth, & if they are damaged they cannot be repaired or replaced MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS Mitosis is the process of cell division of a normal cell. Has 46 chromosomes Meiosis is the cell division of a sex cell (sperm & ovum) which halves the number of chromosomes. Each sex cell has 23 chromosomes. Tissues Cells of the same type that are joined together for a common purpose 4 TYPES OF TISSUE EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE NERVE MUSCLE EPITHELIAL COVERS THE BODY , MAIN TISSUE OF THE SKIN FORMS LINING OF THE INTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY & URINARY TRACT FORMS GLANDS OF THE BODY CONNECTIVE SUPPORTIVE FABRIC OF THE BODY 3 TYPES SOFT- Adipose or fat (insulates body) Tendons, ligaments HARD- Cartilage & bone LIQUID- Blood NERVE Made of specialized cells called-neurons Carries nerve messages from brain throughout the body Makes up nerves, brain, and spinal cord MUSCLE Produces power & movement of the body 3 Types Skeletal- attaches to bone to move body Cardiac- cause heart to beat Visceral (Smooth)- present in the walls of blood vessels, walls of respiratory, urinary & digestive tracks Organs Two or more TISSUES JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A Specific FUNCTION Example- Heart, lungs, stomach, brain, skin, pancreas, uterus etc SYSTEM Organs joined together for a common purpose Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System Reproductive System Organism Systems joined together for a common good THE HUMAN ORGANISM Summary Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things Cells combine to form tissues 4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve, Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral) Tissues combine to form organs Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary,skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive) Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body