Download Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy &
Physiology
ANATOMY
THE STUDY OF THE FORM & STRUCTURE
OF THE HUMAN BODY
Where is the heart?
How large is the liver?
How many muscles do you have?
 gross
anatomy - The study of the
organs, parts, and structures of a body
that are visible to the naked eye.
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of how a living organism works.
How does the heart know when to
beat?
What makes a muscle stretch?
How does the liver store CHO?
PROTOPLASM

Basic substance of all LIFE
ordinary elements such as
C
O2
H
S
N
P
 pathophysiology
- The study of how
disease occurs and response of the body
to disease process.
CELLS

Protoplasm comes together to form cells
CELLS are the basic unit of structure &
function of all living things.
 Microscopic
 Carry on all functions of life

Require O2
 Produce heat & energy
 Move & adapt to environment
 Eliminate waste products
 Perform special functions

CELL PARTS
Cell membrane- outer protective
covering: Allows substances to enter
& leave cell
 Cytoplasm: semi- fluid substance
inside of cell. Contains water, fats,
proteins, CHO, minerals, salts.
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ORGANELLS- Structures inside the cell
Nucleus- The brain, main controls
Nucleolus- RNA production inside the nucleus
Chromatin- Inside the nucleus, makes DNA &
chromosomes
Mitochondria- rod shaped, powerhouse of the
cell, makes energy
Golgi Apparatus- Produces, stores & packages
secretions for discharge form the cell. Garbage
Compactor of the cell
Endoplasmic Recticulum- tubular structures that
allows for transportation of materials into & out
of the cell. Train of the cell
smooth- makes cholesterol, detox
from drugs
Rough- builds proteins
 Lysosomes- oval bodies that digest & destroy old
cells. Pac Man of the cell
 Pinocytic Vesicles- folds in cell membrane. The
folds capture & hold protein & fats, then form
bubbles to help then enter the cell

Reproduction
Cells need to reproduce to keep
organism alive
 Skin, blood forming cells, & intestinal tract cells
reproduce continuously
 Muscle cells reproduce every few years, but
most can be enlarged by exercising
 Special cells such as nerve cells in the brain &
spinal cord do not reproduce after birth, & if
they are damaged they cannot be repaired or
replaced
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

Mitosis is the process of cell division of a
normal cell. Has 46 chromosomes

Meiosis is the cell division of a sex cell
(sperm & ovum) which halves the number
of chromosomes. Each sex cell has 23
chromosomes.
Tissues
Cells of the same type that are joined
together for a common purpose
4 TYPES OF TISSUE
EPITHELIAL
 CONNECTIVE
 NERVE
 MUSCLE

EPITHELIAL
COVERS THE BODY , MAIN TISSUE OF
THE SKIN
 FORMS LINING OF THE INTESTINAL,
RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY & URINARY
TRACT
 FORMS GLANDS OF THE BODY

CONNECTIVE

SUPPORTIVE FABRIC OF THE BODY
3 TYPES
 SOFT- Adipose or fat (insulates body)
Tendons, ligaments
 HARD- Cartilage & bone
 LIQUID- Blood
NERVE
Made of specialized cells called-neurons
 Carries nerve messages from brain
throughout the body
 Makes up nerves, brain, and spinal cord

MUSCLE
Produces power & movement of the body
3 Types
 Skeletal- attaches to bone to move body
 Cardiac- cause heart to beat
 Visceral (Smooth)- present in the walls of
blood vessels, walls of respiratory, urinary
& digestive tracks

Organs

Two or more TISSUES JOINED
TOGETHER TO PERFORM A Specific
FUNCTION
Example- Heart, lungs, stomach, brain, skin,
pancreas, uterus etc
SYSTEM
Organs joined together for a common
purpose
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Urinary System
 Reproductive System

Organism

Systems joined together for a common
good
THE HUMAN ORGANISM
Summary
Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things
Cells combine to form tissues
4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve,
Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral)
Tissues combine to form organs
Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary,skeletal,
muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive)
Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body