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Transcript
ADEPOSE TISSUE Fat deposits composed of adipocytes Stores energy in the form of lipids, insulates the body MACROPHAGES • A macrophage is a type of white blood cell that takes in foreign material. • Helps destroy bacteria, protozoa, and tumor cells (cancerous cells). • Releases substances to stimulate other cell in the immune system. • Removes cellular debris from the lungs. • Helps in muscle repair, growth, and regeneration. • Macrophages help in disease like Tuberculosis, Heart disease, HIV, and Cancer. Phloem by Hayley Dawson • • • • Food transportation system in plants Composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers, and phloem parenchyma Transports sugars and other organic substances (amino acids and RNAs) manufactured in the cells of the plant The substances enter “sieve tubes” where they can be transported up or down to any • region of the plant • • Sieve tubes are channels in which food substances travel Phloem parenchyma aid in the transport of foods (located near the finest branches and terminations of the sieve tubes) Phloem fibers are long flexible sells that are made up of soft fibers Xylem Cell Main organelle is the rigid cell wall used for support • xylem helps to carry water and minerals around the plant • contain parenchyma cells, which store energy for the plant •provides circulation in vascular plants • provides support to the plant • contains lignin in cell walls making them rigid •(main component of the wood of a tree) Bone Cells Osterogenic Cells -responsible for trauma response - call on other cells to heal the bone Osteoblasts -secrete compound to repair and grow bone Osteocytes - are mature osteoblasts -maintain metabolism -participate in nutrient and waste exchange in the blood Osteoclasts -release calcium -bone growth and repair -much larger than other bone cells Lining Cells -regulate calcium and phosphate in the bone -create the lining of the bone Cole Blanchard Cardiac Muscle Cell • A cardiac muscle cell is different than regular muscle cells. • It has a large nucleus • Numerous mitochondria as the heart requires a larger amount of energy • Proteins within the cell form bands of varying density and thickness. • Contraction of these cells cause the heart to beat. • Connected by Intercalated Disks, which contain gap junctions. Natalie Townsend Red Blood Cells • The most important function of the red blood cell is to transport oxygen through the body • They make up 45% of the blood volume • Also carry carbon dioxide out of the body • Red blood cells have no nucleus • Blood cells have no organelles so they are able to transport more oxygen • They do not carry DNA and are not able to replicate RODS • A TYPE OF PHOTORECEPTOR FOUND IN THE RETINA OF THE EYE Functions: To translate light to vision To handle vision in low light, (allows you to see in dim light) To detect movement and register shapes, (cannot detect colour) Prominent Organelles: Nucleus – the ‘control centre’ of the cell Mitochondrion – creates energy Smooth ER – stores calcium & detoxifies the cell Rough ER – transports proteins Centriole – allows cells to divide Ribosomes – creates protein Golgi Complex – processes ribosomal proteins Cilium – enables cell movement * There are about 126 million rods in each eye. Cone Cell • Photoreceptor cell • Functions best in bright light • Responsible for colour vision • They are more sensitive to high light intensities and therefore colour can not be seen very easily when it is dark • Allow you to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images The main organelles are the mitochondria and the nucleus Sperm Cell Function: Mixes with egg to create embryo. Reproductive cell. Organelles: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Centrioles, Acrosome By: Dylan Tannyan • The glial cells are nonneuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and for other parts of the nervous system • Other glial cells may regulate the internal environment of the brain • Glial cells are capable of mitosis and most neurons cannot • Down’s syndrome may be cause by the production of too many glial cells Leukocytes (White blood cells) • 5 diverse varieties, all “stem” from bone marrow stem cell • between 7 and 21 micrometres in diameter • Each lives about three days inside the body • The five types all have different targets Meristematic Tissue • Function • Plants have meristematic tissue in several locations • Roots and shoots have meristematic tissue at apical meristems (the tips) that are responsible for the elongation of roots and shoots • During embryonic development the shoot apical meristem is formed, but leaves and flowers after germination gives rise to the stem • The root apical meristem is also formed during development, but during germination gives rise to the root system • Primary growth is cell division and cell lengthening in the apical meristem which ends up starting an increase in root lenth and plant height • Organelles • The vacuoles are small. • The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids but they are there in rudimentary form, proplastids • The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall Nerve cells (Neuron) FUNCTION • To carry information in the brain • Example: When you put your hands on a hot surface, one type of nerve cell that stretches from your finger to your spine can sense the heat. It sends a report to the brain as electricity. When the information has to be shared with another nerve cell in your brain, it is changed into chemical information between the two cells then changed back to electricity by the new cell. PARTS • • • • • • • Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, ER Mitochondrion Polyribosome Neuronal membrane Dendrites Axon Nerve ending Neuronal membrane • Barrier to enclose cytoplasm in the membrane • Excludes certain substances that float in the fluid that bathes the neuron. Dendrites • Branch out in treelike fashion • Main apparatus for receiving signals from other nerve cells. Axon • Main conducting unit of the neuron • Convey electrical signals • Many neurons don’t have axons. Axon Hillock: Where the axon is joined to the cell. Nerve ending (Presynaptic Terminals) • Synapses: Junctions formed with other cells when the presynaptic terminal of one cell comes in contact with the presynaptic membrane of another cell. • Two types: electrical synapses and chemical synapses. Kristen Leong Parenchyma Cells Characteristics: •Typical plant cell (not specialized) •14 sided cell structure •Large, thin-walled, and usually have a large central vacuole Functions: •Have diverse functions ranging from storage and support to photosynthesis and phloem loading •Function as the bulk of ground and vascular tissues •Synthesize and store organic products in the plant •Thin, permeable walls enable the transport of small molecules between them Prominent Organelles: •Cell wall, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuole, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Vacuole MACROPHAGES • A macrophage is a type of white blood cell that takes in foreign material. • Helps destroy bacteria, protozoa, and tumour cells (cancerous cells). • Organelles found in a macrophage are nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and ER • Releases substances to stimulate other cell in the immune system. • Removes cellular debris from the lungs. • Helps in muscle repair, growth, and regeneration. • Macrophages help in disease like Tuberculosis, Heart disease, HIV, and Cancer. Striated Muscle Cell •Allows the body to move by repeated contraction and relaxation •Responsible for maintaining posture, stabilizing the joints, and producing body heat through muscle function •Composed of muscle fibers, long fused cells containing multiple nuclei •Fibers are packed together in bundles by connective tissue and are packed with myofibrils •Myofibrils are made up of proteins called myosin and actin, and they slide across each other causing the muscle to contract