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Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Human Reproduction Vocabulary Words… 75. Cell cycle Diploid cell Germ cell Somatic cell Daughter cell Sister chromatid spindle Read 116-132, Gamete Homologous chromosome Haploid Autosome Sex chromosome 1006-1010, 142-143 I. WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE? surface area to volume ratio is too small. SA increases to the S2 and Vol increases to the S3 replace dead cells (wound healing) growth of organism/development increase the size of a colony (bacteria) CAUSES? environmental stimulation (cut, available food, injury), genetics, diseases (cancer) 2,000,000,000,000 (2 trillion) cells are produced a day (25 million/sec) II. Reproduction Reproduction - creation of a new generation (cell, cells, or multicellular organism) – a complete DNA set is copied) asexual- no egg or sperm cell (i.e. budding, tuber, cloning, spider plant) new individual is genetically identical to the parent. Also called a “_______” Sexual reproduction- egg and sperm unite Offspring are different b/c chromosomes are rearranged Gametes – reproductive cells (sperm and egg) III More about chromosomes X = shorthand for chromosomes 46 total – 23 from mom and 23 from dad Chromosomes = DNA + histone proteins (23 pairs) (CHROMATIN) Double Stranded (after replication) centromere Sister Chromatids (2) IV CHROMOSOME NUMBER- how many of each type of chromosome is present in a cell Diploid – A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. Haploid - A set of chromosomes containing only one member of each chromosome pair. The sperm and egg are haploid and, in humans, have 23 chromosomes. Chromosome Sets n = # of unique (haploid) 2n = # of chromosome pairs (diploid) n=4 2n=8 XX xx XX xx Homologous Pair V. CELL Cycle: Interphase, MITOSIS and cytokinesis This is how we grow and develop from the very first zygote into what we are today Mitosis – duplication of the DNA and splitting of the nucleus (all cells except sperm and egg) Cell Cycle – life of a eukaryotic cell Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis (IPMATC) Or IMC (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) Practice Calculate the surface area and volume of a cube with each side equal to 4.5 mm. Practice Calculate the surface area and volume of a cube with each side equal to 4.5 mm. SA= (4.5mm)(4.5mm)(6)=121.5 mm2 Vol= (4.5mm)(4.5mm)(4.5mm)=91.12 mm3 Practice Distinguish between – Chromosome – Chromatin – Chromatid – Homologous pair Practice Distinguish between – Chromosome- condensed DNA and histone – Chromatin- uncoiled DNA and histone – Chromatid- one strand of a double stranded chromosome – Homologous pair- 2 chromosomes that carry basically the same information Practice Identify each phase of the cell cycle in the diagram Practice Identify each phase of the cell cycle in the diagram Cytokinesis Telophase Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Practice What is the diploid number of this cell? What is the haploid number of this cell? Where would you find each cell type? Practice What is the diploid number of this cell? 2n = 6 What is the haploid number of this cell? n= 3 Where would you find each cell type? Somatic cell Germ cell (gamete) Interphase Longest phase of the cell’s life Increases in mass Increases # of organelles Replication of chromosomes G1 phase – gap prior to DNA replication S phase – DNA replication or synthesis G2 – after DNA replicaton Mitosis Nuclear division followed by division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) See Lab VI Chromosome Number Each species has a characteristic # of chromosomes (number is NOT a reflection of complexity) Humans – 23 pairs/46 total Dogs (39 pairs/78 total)…Corn (10 pairs 20 total) Diploid = pairs of similar chromosomes Haploid = one of each type of chromosome (gametes = egg has 23 and sperm has 23) Pairs – homologous pairs (same) = XX Types of Chromosomes Autosomes – do not determine sex (1-22) Sex Chromosomes – determine sex and some other features (X and Y) = 23rd – XY – male – XX - female Meiosis (only in eggs and sperm) A type of cell division in which the chromosome # is reduced by half (46 to 23 haploid) Production of gametes (sex cells) – these cells have half # of chromosomes WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT? Mitosis vs. Meoisis Hereditary Terms Fertilization – fusion of gametes – reconstitutes the proper # of chromosomes (46) Trait – genetic characteristic of an organism Gene – DNA sequence that codes for a protein (may lead to a trait) Allele – different forms of a gene Practice drawing 5 homologous pairs of chromosomes Metaphase of mitosis Metaphase I of meiosis Homework Cell Reproduction Cross Word Answer the following text questions on the back Pg 134 Q 3-5,7-11,17,18 Pg 154 3,9,11,19a-g stop Human Reproduction Read 1006-1010 in book Male Anatomy (parts) – Meiosis > in the seminiferous tubules > of the testes > produces gametes (sperm) at the rate of millions/day – Refer to diagram of male reproductive system Male Physiology (how it works) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hormones released by pituitary gland stimulate sperm production Sperm matures in the epididymis (they can swim b/c of many mitochondria) Sexual arousal causes muscles to contract and release sperm and fluids through the penis Millions of sperm are produced each day < 20 million = sterility Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Anatomy Meoisis> in the ovary > produces an ovum (mature egg) > which is released into the fallopian tubes > for a journey to the uterus Females will have all of their eggs by the time they are born (different than males) A females body prepares for pregnancy each month…if there is no pregnancy, the female will menstruate Female Physiology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All gametes are made while the female is a fetus Eggs are in prophase I until puberty Sex hormones stimulate monthly maturation of eggs to ovum ~28 day cycle (maturation of egg to ovum > release into uterus (ovulation) with thickening lining > lining is shed if fertilization does not occur Birth control pills disrupt normal hormone cycle Fertilization Occurs in the fallopian tubes as the ovum migrates Implantation in the uterine wall Placenta and umbilical cord are a combination of baby and female tissues Amniotic sac is for protection (shed cells can be removed and observed for genetic testing) NO BABIES….YET! 1. 2. 3. Abstain Block union of gametes (oral contraception and condoms) Chemicals 4. 5. RU 486 – nonsurgical abortion – in first 63 days – blocks pregnancy hormone Morning after Pills – high dosage of birth control pills…blocks implantation Abortion – 1973 Roe vs. Wade – abortions allowed up to when fetus is viable (24-27 wks) – most controversial Supreme Court Case to date Sterilization 1. Cut vas deferens in males – can be reversed 2. Cut fallopian tubes in females – can be reversed 6. Adoption Birth Control Pills Birth control pills use a combination of HORMONES to prevent pregnancy…does not prevent STDS Block ovulation Delay ovulation Block implantation of embryo (fertilization occurs though) TEST TOPICS Mitosis/Meiosis, Human Reproduction, Chromosomes Cell Reproduction Lab M/M WS, Repro/Devel WS Vocab 78-89 Notes and Text 1006-1010, 142-143, 116132