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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues The cell is the building block of all human things Smallest unit capable of life by itself Cell Made of primarily 4 elements C arbon H ydrogen O xygen N itrogen Includes many other elements important for functions Cells Cells are about 60% water and are bathed in interstitial fluid Cells The generalized cell is used to describe typical cell features. In general all cells have 3 main parts Cells 3 main parts: •Nucleus •Cytoplasm •Plasma membrane Nucleus The Control Center Genes located here Genes contain coded information that tells how protein molecules will be made. Nucleus DNA has the instructions for building the body Nucleus Has 3 structures: Nuclear membrane Selective and permeable Nucleolus Site where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis Chromatin When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin. When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes Nucleus Chromatin When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin. When the cell is dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes Plasma Membrane Has 2 layers of lipids with 1 layer of protein. The two fats are phospholipids and cholesterol. Some of the proteins are enzymes Enzymes are special proteins Plasma Membrane Microvilli – tiny hair like projections that increase the surface area for absorption to occur more quickly Cytoplasm Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. Contains organelles: the “machinary” of the cell. Organelles Means “little organs” We will look at 9 organelles Organelles: Ribosomes Tiny round dark bodies Made of protein and RNA Site for protein synthesis Some float free in cytoplasm,others attach to the cell membrane Organelles: Ribosomes 2. ribosomes Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum Fluid filled canals twisting through the cytoplasm Network of channels to carry substances through the cell Rough ER Smooth ER Organelles: Rough ER Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with ribosomes. Forms building material for cellular membranes Smooth ER Does not synthesis protein. Does synthesis and breakdown cholesterol, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum 11. Smooth ER 3. Smooth ER 8. Rough ER Organelles: Golgi Apparatus Stack of flattened membraneous sacs. A “traffic director” for proteins Modifies and packages proteins. Organelles: Golgi Apparatus 4. Golgi Organelles: LYSOSOMES Membaneous bags containing powerful digestive enzymes Digest worn out or non usuable cell structures and foreign bodies Especially abundant in WBC Contains enzymes Organelles: 9. lysosome LYSOSOMES Organelles: Peroxisomes Membaneous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful or poisonous substances Disarms dangerous free radicals Accumulated free radicals can cause Cancer Especially abundant in liver and kidney cells Organelles: Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Sausage shaped but can change shape continuously Contain shelf like projections called Cristae Contain enzymes used to break down food As food is broken down, energy is released Released as heat or used to form ATP Abundant in liver and muscle cells Organelles: 10. mitochondria Mitochondria Organelles: Cytoskeleton Network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm Acts a cells bones and muscles Includes : •Intermediate filaments •Microfilaments •Microtubules Gives cell shape and support Organelles: Cytoskeleton Organelles: Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus Important during cell division Centrioles Organelles: Centrioles 1. centrioles Organelles: Projections to move substances along Flagella are projections that are much longer then cilia. Found in sperm cells and are used to propel the cell itself. Cilia and Flagella Organelles: Centrioles 5. Microvilli 7. nucleus 6. nucleolus Passive Transport No energy required from cell. 1.Diffusion 2. Filtration Passive Transport Diffusion: Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration. Kinetic energy (energy of motion) Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Passive Transport Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to hold water or pull water into it. Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Passive Transport Hypertonic Cell will shrink. Solution has more solutes then inside cell. More water inside cell then outside cell so water leaves cell and goes into solution. Cell shrinks. Passive Transport Isotonic Cell will stay the same Same solute and water concentration as cell. Cell stays the same. Passive Transport Hypotonic Cell will swell Solution has fewer solutes. Water rushes into cell. Cell swells. Passive Transport Remember: Salt Sucks Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty. Passive Transport Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Passive Transport Filtration: Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. In the body the blood exerts hydrostatic pressure Still Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration. Active Transport The cell uses some of its ATP to move substances across the cell membrane 1. Solute Pumping 2. Bulk Transport Active Transport 1. Solute Pumping Or active transport. Uses ATP to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration The cell keeps the intracellular solute concentration low by pumping out ions Active Transport 2. Bulk Transport Also uses ATP to go from a low concentration to a high concenration but is used when the substance cannot move across the plasma (cell) membrane Exocytosis Endocytosis Active Transport Exocytosis Moves substances out of the cell. Waste material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and spills out of the cell Active Transport Endocytosis Moves substances into the cell. Material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and moves into the cell Active Transport When large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells are engulfed it is called: Phagocytosis Cell eating (large particles) Pinocytosis Cell drinking Cell Division Occurs to produce more cells for growth or repair Mitosis Results in the formation of 2 daughter cells with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus Cell Division 46 46 46 46 23 46 46 Mitosis 23 46 46 46 46 46 Meiosis 46 46 46 Cell Division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Page 69 Cell Division Prophase Chromosomes appear DNA replication has already occurred. Each chromosome is actually made of 2 strands Cell Division Metaphase Chromosomes cluster and become aligned @center of the spindle Cell Division Anaphase Chromosomes begin to move apart to opposite ends of the cell. Cells begin to split Cell Division Telophase Prophase in reverse. Chromosomes become chromatin again. Cells have completely split Body Tissues Groups of cells with a similar function form tissues 4 major type of tissues Body Tissues 4 major type of tissues Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle Body Tissues Epithelium Protects Lining, covering and glandular tissues of the body Skin protects against bacteria Lining of respiratory tract sweeps debris away Body Tissues - Epithelium Absorb Lines digestive organs and intestines to absorb food Filter In kidneys Secrete Glands. Secrete perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, mucous Body Tissues - Epithelium Generates easily. Does not have their own blood supply. Simple and Stratified Squamous Cubodial Columnar Glandular Body Tissues - Epithelium Squamous 1. Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, esophagus, mouth, outer part of skin 13. Body Tissues - Epithelium Cubodial Glands and ducts, salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidneys 5. 9. Body Tissues - Epithelium Columnar 11. Digestive tract: mouth to anus, mucous membranes 15. Body Tissues - Epithelium Glandular Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into blood. Exocrine glands: sweat and oil Body Tissues Connective Connects body parts Most abundant of all tissue types Most have their own blood supply The exception is tendons and ligaments Protect, support and bind together other body tissues Body Tissues Connective Bone Cartilage hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage Dense Loose Areolar & Adipose Blood Body Tissues - Connective Bone Osseous tissue Protects and supports 14. Body Tissues - Connective Cartilage More flexible then bone 3. Body Tissues - Connective Cartilage – 3 types hyaline elastic Most wide spread. Larynx, ribs to breastbone, ends of bones ears fibrocartilage Disc btw vertebrae Body Tissues - Connective Dense Form strong rope like structures like: tendons Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone ligaments Connects bone to bone Body Tissues - Connective Dense 10. Body Tissues - Connective Loose Softer 2 types: Aerolar Adipose Body Tissues - Connective Loose Softer Aerolar Cushions and protects. Acts as a glue to hold internal organs in place 17. Body Tissues - Connective Loose Softer Adipose Also called FAT. Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin Insulates and protects Stores fat for fuel when needed 8. Body Tissues - Connective Blood Vascular tissue 4. Body Tissues Muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Contracts or shortens to produce movement Body Tissues - Muscle Skeletal Attached to the skeleton Voluntary You control movements Striated Stripes for strength 2. Body Tissues - Muscle Cardiac Found only in the heart Involuntary Striated not controlled by you Stripes for strength 16. Body Tissues - Muscle Smooth Or visceral muscle tissue Involuntary nonstriated not controlled by you No stripes, extra strength not needed 18. 12. Body Tissues Nervous Made of cells called neurons Has the characteristic of: Irritability senses stimuli conductivity Reacts to stimuli 7 Tissue Repair Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Tissue Repair Fibrosis repair with dense connective tissue Tissue Repair Epithelial tissue, fibrous connective and bone usually repairs well. Tissue Repair Skeletal muscle repair poorly Cardiac and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord are replaced only by scar tissue Tissue Repair Neoplasm Abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Can be benign or malignant Tissue Repair hyperplasia Enlarged because of an irritant or stimulus. benign Tissue Repair atrophy Without development Decrease in size. Occurs when decrease in stimulus. Muscles with no stimulus atrophy Meiosis Mitosis Review The smallest unit capable of life by itself is the _______________? cell Review What two substances are found in the plasma membrane? protein and lipids Review Which types of cells are most likely to have microvilli? those specializing in absorption Review Which two organelles consume lots of oxygen? Perioxisomes and mitochondria Review What is the coded information that dictates the structure of a protein molecule? gene Review Groups of cells make? tissues Review Groups of tissues make? organs Review Groups of tissues make? organs Review organelles Powerhouse of the cell? mitochondria Synthesizes steroid hormones? Smooth ER Review organelles Site of ribosome synthesis? nucleolus Assembles and packages materials to be secreted from the cell? Golgi apparatus Review tissues Smooth cardiac and skeletal? muscle Lines body cavities, covers surfaces? epithelium Review tissues Cartilage, adipose, areolar? connective Cubodial, columnar, squamous? epithelium Review tissues Another name for adipose tissue? fat Which tissue is UNABLE to repair after injury? Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord Review A RBC in a hypertonic solution? Will shrink A RBC in a hypotonic solution? swells