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Biology Unit Review
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Chapter 4
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Name three differences between plant and
animal cells.
– Plant cells – cell wall, larger vacuoles,
chloroplasts. Animal cells – flagellum/cilia,
smaller vacuoles
What is the purpose of the ribosome?
– Produces proteins
What is the power house of the cell?
– Mitochondria
Cell Parts Continued
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What is the purpose of the endoplasmic
reticulum?
– To transport materials within the cell.
How do proteins leave the cell?
– They are packaged in vesicles (at the end of
the Golgi body) and are carried to the cell
membrane.
What would happen if the nucleus of a cell was
taken out?
– The cell would die.
DNA
Where is DNA found?
A – The nucleus
 What does DNA stand for?
A – deoxyribonucleic acid
 What shape does DNA take?
A – Double helix
 What three parts make up DNA?
A – Sugar, phosphate, and bases
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DNA
What does A, G, C and T stand for?
A – adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
 What does adenine pair with?
A – thymine
 Most of the time, DNA exists in the
nucleus in the form of what?
A – chromatin
 What does DNA code for?
A – proteins
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Chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes are
found in human cells?
A – 23 pairs
 If your 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY,
you would be a …
A – male/boy
 Small segments of DNA are called what?
A - genes
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Genes/Proteins
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What is the importance of genes?
– stores information needed to produce specific
proteins.
Which of the following are not specialized
proteins: hormones, nucleolus, enzyme?
– nucleolus
Why are stomach cells different from skin cells?
– different proteins have been made for each
cell.
Protein Production
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What does RNA stand for?
– ribonucleic acid
How is the message for a protein to be made
carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
– DNA message for a specific protein is copied
into RNA which leaves through the nuclear pore
and delivers the message to the ribosome.
What is the function of the Golgi body?
– To repackages the protein for transport out of
the cell.
Mutations
What type of mutation is occurring in the
following DNA sequence (and where):
CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA
Mutation 1: CATGCCTGACCTCTGATGCCA
A – Substitution – CATGCCTGACCTCTGATGCCA
Mutation 2: CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCAA
A – Addition – CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCAA
Mutation 3: CATCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA
A – Deletion - CATCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA
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Chapter 5 – Mitosis
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What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
– interphase
What occurs during interphase?
– growth and preparation, DNA replication,
protein synthesis.
What are the other two stages of the cell
cycle?
– mitosis and cell division (cytokinesis)
Why does a cell divide?
– The surface area to volume ratio is small.
DNA Replication
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What is the first step in DNA replication?
– DNA sides separate
What aids in separating the DNA sides?
– enzymes
What occurs in step 2 of DNA replication?
– New bases pair with the bases on the original
DNA
Why is DNA replication important?
– So that when the cell divides, the new
daughter cells will have all of the genetic
information.
In the diagram to the
right, what do the
two sister chromatids
have in common?
A – They are replicated
chromosomes. They
are identical copies of
the DNA.
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What phase of mitosis
is occurring in the
diagram to the right?
– anaphase
What phase occurs
before anaphase?
– metaphase
What occurs during
metaphase?
– The chromosomes
line up across the
middle (equator) of
the cell
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What is being produced during telophase of
mitosis?
– two nuclei
What are two difference between
mitosis/cytokinesis in plants and animals?
– Plants doen’t have centrioles and animals don’t
produce a cell plate.
If you started out with 365 chromosomes in the
parent cell, how many chromosomes would each
of the daughter cells have?
– 365
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What is the correct order of the stages of
mitosis?
– prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is another word for cell division?
– cytokinesis
How many parents are there in asexual
reproduction?
- One
Asexual Reproduction
Which of the following is not a type of
asexual reproduction: spore formation,
gamete formation, binary fission, budding,
fragmentation, vegetative reproduction?
A – gamete formation
 Define clone.
A - a genetically identical offspring of an
single parent.
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Asexual Reproduction
 What type of asexual
reproduction is occurring
in the picture to the
right?
A: budding
 Give an example of an
organism that reproduces
this way.
A: hydra, sponge, yeast
Asexual Reproduction
 What type of asexual
reproduction is occurring
in the picture to the
right?
A: binary fission
 How many cells are
dividing?
A: One
 What is the benefit of this
type of reproduction?
A: Genetically identical
offspring.
Asexual Reproduction
How do Eurasian milfoil and starfish
reproduce?
A – fragmentation
 A graft would be made during what type
of asexual reproduction?
A – vegetative reproduction.
 Give an example that uses spore
formation as it reproductive method.
A – bread mould, mosses, ferns, fungi
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Chapter 6 - Meiosis
An egg and sperm are produced where?
A: in the ovaries and testes
 What is a haploid cell considered?
A: a gamete
 How many chromosomes will an egg or
sperm cell have if the parent cell had 46
chromosomes?
A – 23 chromosomes.
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Meiosis I
What stage of meiosis is
occurring in the picture to the
right?
A: metaphase I
 What has lined up along the
equator?
A: homologous chromosomes.
 What occurs during anaphase
I?
A: Homologous chromosome
pairs are pulled away from
each other towards opposite
ends of the cell. Sister
chromatids still attached.
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Meiosis II
What occurs during anaphase II?
A: The sister chromatids are split apart at the
centromere and move to opposite poles.
 How many chromosomes are in each of the
daughter cells at the end of meiosis?
A: Half the number as the parent cell.
 Why does meiosis occur?
A: So that sperms and eggs only have half the
number of chromosomes so when meet, full set.
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When a egg and sperm cell meet, what is
this process called?
A: fertilization
 What is the cell called when fertilization
occurs?
A: a zygote
 A zygote is considered what type of cell;
haploid or diploid?
A: diploid
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When looking at a karyotype of a person
that has the Edwards syndrome, what will
be different on the karyotype from
someone who does not have the Edwards
syndrome?
A: There is an extra chromosome at site 12.
 What other syndrome would have an extra
chromosome in each cell?
A: Down syndrome
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What are two advantages of asexual
reproduction?
A: genetically identical offspring, lots of
offspring can be reproduced quickly.
 What is the major advantage of sexual
reproduction?
A: Genetic diversity
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Embryonic Development
List the following stages of human development
in order: blastula, zygote, fetus, gastrula,
morula
A: zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, fetus
 Which of the stages above would consist of a
ball of cells?
A: morula
 Which of the stages above would consist of a
hollow ball of cells?
A: bastula
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What to Study
Multiple Choice
Chapter 4
 Know the organelles and their functions
 Know what makes up DNA and its purpose
 What do each of the bases pair up with
 Know the general idea of how proteins are
made
 Know what a mutation is and the different
types – deletion, addition, substitution
What to Study continued…
Chapter 5
 Stages of the cell cycle – interphase,
mitosis, cytokinesis
 DNA replication
 Mitosis stages – what occurs at each stage
 What is the purpose of mitosis
 What is the end result of mitosis
 Different types of asexual reproduction
What to Study continued…
Chapter 6
 What is the purpose of meisosis
 Where does meiosis occur, what is produced,
what is the end result of meiosis
 Know stage I and II of meisosis
 What occurs when egg and sperm cells join
 Karyotypes – what can we detect
 Embryonic development
 Don’t worry about assisted reproductive
technologies or internal/external fertilization