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Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Created by Cori Walker and April Johnson © 2014 Microscopes History Accomplishment/ Contribution basic magnifying glass Date Scientist 1400s ?? 1590 Jansen Bro Used 1st comd microscope (2 lenses) 1670-80s Anton van Leeuwenhoek -Used a simple light microscope (1 lens) -1st person to observe living microorganisms -Father of Microbiology Microscope T Chart Light Microscope Electron Microscope Light Microscopes • uses light • Types: – 1. Simple (1 lens) – 2. Compound (2 or more lenses) • • 1 ocular eyepiece 1 objective eyepiece – 3. Stereomicroscope • Gives a 3-D image • Fluorescent dyes combine with video camera to produce 3-D image of cell processes (ex: cell movement) Microscopes… • Magnification: enlarges an object’s image (use coarse adj to focus) • Resolution: increases visible detail (Use fine adj to resolve) –Separation of 2 points Total Magnification How do you calculate total magnification? • ocular lens (eye piece) x objective lens(3 on revolving nosepiece) – Examples: (10x) x (10x) = 100x (10x) x (40x) = 400x • Highest magnification with a light microscope is 1500x Electron Microscopes • uses beams of electrons Types • 1. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) – Transmits electrons through a specimen up to 200,000x – Can study structures within a cell • 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) – Sends electrons across the surface of a specimen to make a 3-D image up to 100,000x • 3. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) – Uses a metal probe to show the arrangement of atoms (1,000,000x) – Investigates atoms on the surface of a molecule Which one should I use??? • Light Microscope: – Advantages: can look at living specimens – Disadvantages: limited in magnification and resolution • Electron Microscope: – Advantages: greater magnification and resolution – Disadvantages: cannot view living things Cell Discovery Robert Hooke • Studied cork (dead plant cells from the bark of a tree) • First identified cells (basic building blocks of all living things) Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839) • Schleiden plants are made up of cells • Schwann animals are made up of cells Rudolf Virchow(1859) • He concluded that all cells are made by existing cells and had to divide to form new cells Cell Theory • 3 parts to the cell theory- applies to all living organisms – ALL organisms are composed of 1 or more cells – the CELL is the basic unit of structure and function (organization) of all living things – ALL cells come from pre-existing cells Intro to cells double click to show video • • • • • Cells Basic units of all living things Surrounded by a plasma membrane Have DNA (genetic information) Have cytoplasm (outside the nucleus) Contain organelles – membrane-bound structures – small, specialized structures – each has a specific function that helps cells survive • 2 groups of cells (video of the 2 types) Cell Types Venn Diagram Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes • Smaller in size • Do not have membrane-bound organelles • Have genetic material (DNA) but not surrounded by a membrane – Circular DNA floats in cytoplasm • Unicellular organisms (bacteria) • ****No nucleus or nuclear membrane*** • have ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane Eukaryotes • Contain membrane-bound organelles • Multicellular organisms and some unicellular (amoeba, algae, and yeast) • Contain a nucleus – Control center of the cell – Contains a cell’s genetic material – Responsible for cell division – Manages all cellular functions – Identified by Rudolf Virchow • Protists, fungi, plants, and animals • Bigger in size than prokaryotes Bell Ringer: 1. Cell Theory: a. All __________ are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic units of _______ and ________ in all organisms. c. New cells are produced from ____________. 2. The cells of eukaryotes have a _________; the cells of __________ do not. 3. Eukaryotic cells also have a variety of specialized structure called ______________. What is so SPECIAL about cells and their organelles, anyway??? Levels of Organization • Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized (cell specialization) – Perform specific functions (separate roles) – Ex: nerve cells transmit impulses – Ex: red blood cells carry nutrients and gas throughout body – Ex: pancreatic cell produce insulin – Ex: muscle cells contract and relax to move parts of the body Other examples of Cell Specialization • Flagella of bacterium • Cilia of a protist (Paramecium) Other examples of Cell Specialization • Cilia on a protist (Paramecium) Other examples of Cell Specialization Guard cells in plant leaves organism organ systems organization organs tissues • Cells: basic units cells – Ex: red blood cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells, skin cells • Tissues: group of cells that perform a particular function – Ex: muscle tissue, epithelial tissue • Organs: group of tissues that work together – Ex: heart, liver, stomach, brain, lungs • Organ systems: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function – Ex: digestive, respiratory, nervous Organelle DNA • Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA • Lynn Margulis – Proposed the Endosymbiotic Theory • Suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells • Suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from prokaryotic cells – Formed a relationship with early eukaryotic cells Stem Cells: Promises and Problems • Multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells – Variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines cell specialization • Every cell in the body developed from a single fertilized cell – Cells that form during the first few divisions can potentially become any type of cell in the body Process of Cell Differentiation • Only specific parts of DNA are activated – Determine the function and specialized structures of a cell • All cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell – Once differentiation occurs it cannot be reversed • Most will become differentiated – Ex: Bone cells – Ex: Skin cells – Ex: Blood vessel cells • Will remain that way (cannot change into another type of cell) • Different parts of genetic instructions are used in different types of cells – Influenced by environment and cell’s history – Chemical signals may be released by one cell to influence the development and activity of another cell Stem Cells • • • • • • Are not specialized cells Continually reproduce themselves Can develop into any number of specialized cells Abundant in developing embryos (embryonic stem cells) Present in organisms (adult stem cells) Could potentially differentiate into specialized cells with the correct lab culture conditions 3 Kinds of Stem Cells • Totipotent stem cells – Potential to form a whole organism • Pluripotent stem cells – Do not have potential to form a whole organism • Multipotent stem cells – Present in adults – Eventually specialize further to become stem cells that give rise to specific kinds of cells Tour of the Cell (15 min video) Watch at home. Very good review Components of the Cell Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Cell Wall Function: • Provides additional support and protection • Allows H2O, O2, AND CO2 to pass Type of Cell: • Plant cells, fungal cells, and bacterial cells Cell Wall DRAW DIAGRAM ON CHART Unique Characteristics: • Rigid structure • Inflexible • Made of cellulose (in • Nickname: “support plants) center” Plasma Membrane Function: • Allows substances to enter and leave a cell • Provides protection and support Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Plasma Membrane Unique Characteristics: • Flexible boundary DRAW DIAGRAM ON CHART • Nickname: “the bouncer” Cytoplasm Function: • Clear gelatinous fluid inside a cell • Holds organelles in place Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Cytoplasm Unique Characteristics: • Mostly made of water DRAW DIAGRAM ON CHART • Nickname: “Celly jelly” Nucleus Function: • Controls cell processes • Stores DNA and info to make proteins Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Nucleus Unique Characteristics: • Has chromatin – Strands of DNA • Has nuclear envelope • Nickname: “Control Center” or “The Boss” Nuclear Envelope Function: • Surrounds nucleus Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Nuclear Envelope Unique Characteristics: • Has pores that allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus No nickname Nucleolus Function: • Makes ribosomes Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Nucleolus Unique Characteristics: • Within the nucleus • Small and dense • Nickname: “Ribosome factory” Ribosomes Function: • Where proteins are made Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Ribosomes Unique Characteristics: • Not bound by a membrane • Can be found in cytoplasm or ER • Nickname “Protein factory” Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: • Site for cellular respiration • Rough: protein synthesis • Smooth: make and store lipids Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Endoplasmic Reticulum Unique Characteristics: • Highly folded membranes • Internal membrane system • Nickname: “Transport system” Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body Function: • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body Unique Characteristics: • Flattened system of tubular membranes • Nickname: “Gift wrap” or “UPS” Mitochondria Function: • Transforms energy into usable compounds by breaking down food • Cellular respiration Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Mitochondria Unique Characteristics: • Has double membrane • Folded inner membrane increases surface area • Occurs in varying #’s • Nickname: – Example: more in muscle cells “Powerhouse” or “Mighty-chondria” Vacuole Function: • Temporary storage of food, enzymes, wastes, and other materials Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Vacuole Unique Characteristics: • Sac surrounded by a membrane • Bigger in plants • Used for movement • Nickname: “Storage in protozoans (protists; closet” contractile vacuole) Lysosomes Function: • Digests excess or worn out organelles, food, and bacteria Type of Cell: • Animal cells Lysosomes Unique Characteristics: • Contains digestive enzymes • Nickname: “Suicide/Homicide sac” Cytoskeleton Function: • Support structure within cytoplasm • Forms framework for the cell Type of Cell: • Plant and animal cells Cytoskeleton Unique Characteristics: • Composed of tiny rods and filaments • Nickname: “Body shaper” Cilia Function: • Aids in locomotion and feeding Type of Cell: • Animal cells Cilia Unique Characteristics: • Pairs of microtubules • Short, numerous hairlike projections • Nickname: “Hair” Flagella Function: • Aids in locomotion and feeding Type of Cell: • Animal cells Flagella Unique Characteristics: • Pairs of microtubules • Longer projections • Whiplike motion • Nickname: “Tail” Centrioles Function: • Function during cell division Type of Cell: • Animal cells Centrioles Unique Characteristics: • None Nickname: none Chloroplast Function: • Captures light energy and makes food • Photosynthesis Type of Cell: • Plant cells only Chloroplast Unique Characteristics: • Double membrane • Plastids used for storage • Contain chlorophyll – Green pigment • Nickname: “Green sugar shack” Animal vs. Plant Cells Venn Diagram Animal Cells Plant Cells Bell Ringer: 1. Place the following terms in order from smallest to largest level of organization: tissues, organ systems, organs, individual cells 2. The small dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes begins is called the ____. a. nucleolus b. nuclear envelope c. chloroplast d. vacuole 3. Which organelles can use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food molecules? a. lysosomes b. golgi apparatus c. vacuoles d. chloroplasts