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National 5 Biology Genetic Engineering Genetic Transfer • It is possible to transfer genetic information from one cell to another. • In bacteria there is a chromosome which is circular and smaller circles of DNA called plasmids. • The chromosome and the plasmids are made of DNA. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 2 Genetic Transfer • When bacteria divide, the chromosome and the plasmids are replicated. • Genetic information can be passed from one cell to the next naturally. • It can also be passed from one cell to the next artificially by genetic engineering. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 3 Genetic Transfer • Viruses require living cells before they can replicate. • When a virus attacks a cell its DNA is injected into the host cell. • This means that the viruses DNA and the host cell’s DNA become joined. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 4 Genetic Transfer • When the host cell divides by mitosis, the virus’s DNA is also copied. • Using this knowledge, we can now alter the genetic code of cells using genetic engineering. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 5 Genetic Transfer • An organism which has been altered in this way is described as being genetically modified. • In this way, we can ‘programme’ bacterial cells to produce things that they would not normally produce. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 6 Genetic Engineering Stages • Identify the section of DNA containing the gene we require. • Cut the gene out using an enzyme. (genetic scissors) • Remove the plasmid from the bacterial cell. • Using the same enzyme, open the plasmid, Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 7 Genetic Engineering Stages • Insert the gene into the plasmid using another enzyme (genetic glue). • Replace the plasmid into the bacterial cell. • Allow the bacterial host cells to divide naturally. • The bacterial cell will now produce the protein we want which was coded in the original DNA. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 8 Genetic Engineering • This process of genetic engineering can be used to produce such proteins as insulin, which is required to treat diabetes. • It has also been used to produce human growth hormone. • Other examples include more nutritional plant products and disease resistance. Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 9 Genetic Engineering Monday, 22 May 2017 Mr G Davidson 10