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Lessons from the cosmos
Earth based experiments
Discoveries and new challenges
Towards the most fundamental questions
Black Holes and the Universe –
How the LHC re-creates the beginning of time
Rene Bellwied
Wayne State University
([email protected])
Cosmic wave
background map
A public lecture
T in the universe:
3 K = -454oF
Matter in the universe
A problem of galactic proportions


In spiral galaxies, the rotation
curve remains at about the
same value at great distances
from the center
This means that the enclosed
mass continues to increase
even though the amount of
visible, luminous matter falls off
at large distances from the
center.


Something else must be adding to the gravity of the
galaxies without shining. Dark Matter !
Accounts for > 90% of the mass in the universe.
Dark Matter vs. Luminous Matter distribution
Bullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth
X-ray image vs. gravitational lensing
Cluster contents by
mass:
~ 2% galaxies
~ 13% hot gas
~ 85% dark matter
Dark and visible
matter are close
together ? Formed
in same process ?
Matter in the Universe
Before 1911,
the atom was thought to be
the most fundamental form of matter!
Matter in the Universe
1911 – atomic nucleus discovered by E. Rutherford
Atom
100 trillionths
(10-10) meter
Electrons
orbiting
nucleus
Matter in the Universe
Electrons
orbiting
nucleus
1919 – atomic nucleus contained protons
(1932 – and neutrons)
Atom
Atomic nucleus
.01 trillionths
(10-14) meter
Matter in the Universe
1974 – “elementary” particles made up of quarks & gluons
Electrons
orbiting
nucleus
Atom
100 trillionths
(10-10) meter
Atomic nucleus
.01 trillionths
(10-14) meter
Neutrons & Protons
.001 trillionths
(10-15)
meter
quarks
(also gluons!)
Stars are moving :
Doppler Effect with Stars




A star's motion causes a wavelength shift in its light emission spectrum,
which depends on speed and direction of motion.
If star is moving toward you, the waves are compressed, so their
wavelength is shorter = blueshift.
If the object is moving away from you, the waves are stretched out, so
their wavelength is longer = redshift
The spectral lines of nearly all of the galaxies in the universe are shifted
to the red end of the spectrum. This means that the galaxies are moving
away from the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence for the expansion of the
universe.
uniform expansion = Hubble law
Age of universe = 1/H0
Let’s go back in time to when matter
was formed – but how ?


It’s -454oF out there now
Assume that the universe expands homogenously and
simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a
compression rate set by the Hubble constant
Volume goes down
Pressure goes up
Temperature goes up
Energy goes up
Going back in time…
phases of matter form whenever energy
is low enough for them to survive
Age
0
Energy
1019 GeV
Matter in universe
grand unified theory of all forces
10-35 s
1014 GeV
1st phase transition
(strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n)
10-10
s
10-5 s
102 GeV
0.2 GeV
2nd phase transition
LHC-HEP
(strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n)
3rd phase transition protons/neutrons
RHIC & LHC-NP
0.1 MeV
nuclei
FRIB & FAIR
(strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n)
3 min.
6*105 years
0.3 eV
atoms
Now
3*10-4 eV = 3 K
(13.7 billion years)
13.7 billion yrs
Evolution of Matter
in the Universe
1 billion yrs
380,000 yrs
3 min.
10-5 sec.
10-43 seconds
BIG
BANG
T ~ 1032 K
Quarks &
Gluons
(T=1012 K)
Particles
Atomic
Nuclei
Atoms
(3,000 K)
Galaxies
(3 K)
Man
The 4 Forces of Nature
Gravitational force – attractive force between objects of matter
Electromagnetic force – force between electrically charged objects
Weak nuclear force – force that causes transmutation of nuclei
Strong Nuclear Force – force that keeps nuclei together
– force that holds quarks (and gluons) inside protons & neutrons
Mass puzzle:
p/n believed to contain three quarks,
but mp = 1.67*10-27kg and
mq= 9*10-30kg, so 3mq = mp.
Where does all the mass come from ?
Forces get weaker with distance…..except
to study structure of an atom…
electron
…separate constituents
nucleus
F ~ 1/r2
Imagine our understanding of atoms or QED if we
could not isolate charged objects!!
neutral atom
ToConfinement:
understandfundamental
the strong
force and the phenomenon of confinement:
& crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force
- colored
objects (quarks)
have  energy
in normal
vacuum
Create and study
a system
of deconfined
colored
quarks
(and gluons)
quark-antiquark pair
created from vacuum
quark
“white” proton
(confined quarks)
Strong color field
“white” 0
“white”
proton
Force
grows
with separation(confined
!!!
quarks)
F~r
Force between two quarks
quark
gluons
quark
Compare to gravitational force at Earth’s surface
Quarks exert 16 metric tons of force on each other!
Making ‘Quark-Gluon Soup’
How to do it ?
Instead of pulling particles apart:
• heating
• compression
‘free’ quarks and gluons
needs a trillion (!) degrees
(30,000 times the Sun’s Temp)
instead of heating how about
banging together ?
Hadronic
Nuclear
Matter
Matter
Quark
Gluon
Plasma
(confined)!
deconfined
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
3.8 km circle
PHOBOS
PHENIX
RHIC
BRAHMS
STAR
AGS
TANDEMS
Gold nuclei each with 197 protons + neutrons are accelerated
The
STAR
Experiment
The
STAR
Experiment
~ 540 collaborators
44 institutions
8 countries
Cost for RHIC:
~ $550 Million
Cost for STAR:
~ $50 Million
Took 10 years to
build
Brazil:
Sao Paolo
England: Birmingham
Germany: Frankfurt, MPI - Munich
U.S.:
China:
IHEP - Beijing, IPP - Wuhan
France:
Poland:
Russia:
IReS - Strasbourg, SUBATECH-Nantes
Warsaw University, Warsaw U. of Technology
MEPHI - Moscow, JINR - Dubna, IHEP - Protvino
Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven National Laboratories
UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA, Creighton, Carnegie-Mellon, Indiana, Kent State, MSU, CCNY,
Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, Rice, Texas, Texas A&M, Washington, Wayne, Yale Universities
Geneva with Large Hadron Collider
Superimposed
First beam in 2009
Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC
ALICE :
A window to the
most fundamental questions
(1100 scientists,
250 Million Dollars,
12,500 tons,
15 years to build)
Study all phases of a heavy ion collision
If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!
BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???
Study all phases of a heavy ion collision
If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!
BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???
We are forming a fireball of a new medium
(free quarks and gluons) which will de-excite
(explode) into many, many particles
(600 on 600 quarks gives you nearly 10,000 new
particles – (Einstein at its best))
What are the properties
of this phase ?
How does it convert back
to ordinary matter ?
Is anything else produced ?
Size of fireball: ~ 10x10x10 fm
So what do we hope for ?
a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the
Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and
minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system.
Measure a phase transition, characterize the new
phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into
‘ordinary’ matter – ‘do we come out the way went in ?’
b.) How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How
do they attain their mass ?
c.) Does Dark Matter form at the same time ?
d.) Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Dark
Matter or Dark Energy ?
e.) Does matter separate from anti-matter ?
It’s news all over the world

USA Today: The Great Fear of the Unknown

Malaysia Sun: Large Hadron Collider could
spell doomsday for the Earth in nine days !

MSNBC: Atom smasher fears spark lawsuit

Fox news: ‘World-ending machine’ slated to
go online soon

Spiegel (Germany): Black holes in Geneva:
Is this the end of the world ?
The Black Hole scare
At the LHC we think we can either make black holes on the scale of the
proton or make objects that have quantum properties like a black hole but
are not actual black holes (quantum black holes)
Is that dangerous ? Absolutely not
As we all know a black hole grows by absorbing the surrounding matter.
But in order to have that ‘attractive’ force a black hole must have a
minimum size, i.e. the size of an atom (~10-10m). The proton is 10-15m,
so about 100,000 times too small. There will never be enough energy to
make a black hole big enough for it to be dangerous. Luckily our
instruments are so sophisticated that we can learn a lot from our mini or
quantum black holes.
In addition natural high-energy cosmic rays bombard the earth daily for
Billions of years now and cause collisions at significantly higher energies
than the LHC can produce.
So yes we want to make them, and no they are not
threatening !!
Measuring particles

The basic principle: measure every
particle that leaves a track in the
detector.
• Only charged particles lose energy when
traversing the detector (ionization of gas).
From the amount of energy loss and the time
it takes to traverse the detector volume we
can determine the mass of the particle.
• Detector is in magnetic field. From the bending
of the track in the field we can determine the
momentum and velocity of each particle.
Probing the medium with fast particles
idea: use p+p collisions (no medium)
as reference
p
p
?: what happens in Au+Au to particles
which pass through medium?
Prediction: density in fireball is so
high that particles get stuck.
Measure properties of medium
from the interaction of particles
with medium.
?
Au+Au
High momentum particles get stuck !
STAR, nucl-ex/0305015
pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin
energy
loss
pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin + Energy Loss
The system is very dense. Too dense to be made of protons and neutrons !
SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE MADE OF QUARKS & GLUONS
The deposited energy density is enormous, at least 5 GeV/fm3
The energy density is 5 GeV/fm3.
Is that a lot?
Last year, the U.S. used about 100 quadrillion BTUs of energy:
At 5 GeV/fm3, this would fit in a volume of:
Or, in other words, in a box of the following dimensions:
Collective motion of the matter constituents:
The medium is deconfined and consists of quarks
2q-states (mesons) 3q-states baryons
baryons
mesons
RHIC discoveries
(2000 – 2010)
The ‘Perfect Liquid’ (2005)
based on strong collective flow
z
y
x
RHIC discoveries
(2000 – 2010)
The ‘Hottest State’ (2010)
based on photon radiation
4 Trillion Degrees = 400 MeV = 2 Tc
Lessons from
RHIC:
The Quark
Soup
AIP Science
Story of 2006
The early universe
behaves like a liquid
not like a gas or
plasma
Where are we ?
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We created a new phase of matter, made of quarks, which
existed only microseconds after the Big Bang.
Surprisingly that phase behaves like a liquid rather than a
gas or a plasma
We are starting to understand the creation of matter in the
universe.
Where are we going ? Collectivity causes correlations
Heavy-ion Collisions: Rapid Expansion
collision evolution
The Universe: Slow Expansion
particle
detectors
expansion and cooling
kinetic
freeze-out
lumpy initial
energy density
hadronization
distributions and
correlations of
produced particles
QGP phase
quark and gluon
degrees of freedom
credit: NASA
collision
overlap zone
 ~ 0 fm/c
quantum
fluctuations
0~1 fm/c
 ~ 10 fm/c
particle distribution
in h and f
The future is bright
The LHC: higher energy collisions,
bigger and better detectors
On to: black holes, dark matter,
Super-symmetry, extra-dimensions,
Higgs fields and parallel universes
Already....
An amazing journey !!
November 2009:
900 GeV collisions
(450 on 450 GeV)
December 2009:
2.36 TeV collisions
(11.8 on 1.18 TeV)
March 2010:
7 TeV collisions
(3.5 on 3.5 TeV)
Highest energy planned:
14 TeV (in 2012)
Highest energy prior:
1.8 TeV at FNAL
Welcome to the new age !