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Earth and Space
Solar System
 is composed of one star (Sun), planets and
their natural satellites (moons), and other
heavenly objects
 they ALL revolve around the sun
 Sun is the center of the solar system
Beyond solar system
Solar system is part of the Milky way galaxy
Galaxy = billions of stars that move around through space as one unit
Solar System
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/solar-system.html
Sun
 It is a star
 The closest star
from the earth or
other objects in the
solar system
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Energy of the sun
• Comes from the fusion of Hydrogen gas to
Helium
• Occurs in the sun’s core
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Planets
IAU (Aug. 24, 2006) criteria:
 The object must be in orbit around the sun
 It must be the only object that “use” its orbit
 Spherical in shape due to gravity
Solar System
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/solar-system.html
• Position: Closest planet to the Sun.
• Atmosphere: Like Earth’s moon, very little.
• Landscape: Many craters, a little ice. Cliffs and valleys
present.
• Temperatures: Super-heated by the sun in the day. At
night temperatures reach hundreds of degrees below
freezing. (Not as warm as you would think).
• Year (Full rotation around the sun): 88 days.
• Moons: 0
• Rings: 0
Position: 2nd planet from the sun.
Atmosphere: Thick enough to trap heat,
hurricane winds, lightning, and acid clouds.
Landscape: Volcanoes and deformed mountains.
Temperatures: Intense heat.
Year (Full rotation around the sun): 225 Earth
days.
Moons: 0
Rings: 0
 Position:
3rd planet from the sun.
 Atmosphere: Suitable air pressure to
have life. Air is made of oxygen.
 Landscape: The only planet that has
liquid on the surface, rocky, land
formations.
 Temperatures: Suitable for life. Ranges
from locations on Earth.
 Year (Full rotation around the sun): 365
Earth days.
 Moons: 1
 Rings: 0
• Position: 4th planet from the
sun.
• Atmosphere: Thinner air
than Earth.
• Landscape: Frozen water
below the surface, rocky,
dusty, and has craters.
• Temperatures: Like Earth,
but drier and colder
• Year (Full rotation around
the sun): 687 Earth days.
• Moons: 2
• Rings: 0
Midnight
sun on
Mars
• Position: 5th
planet from the
sun.
• Atmosphere:
Colorful clouds,
until it is squished
unto liquid. Cold
and windy, giant
storms.
• Landscape: Thick
super hot soup.
• Temperatures:
Extremely cold at
clouds. Extremely
hot and cold
radiation.
• Year (Full rotation
around the sun):
12 Earth years.
• Moons: 62
• Rings: 3
The Great Red Spot is a great
anti-cyclonic (high pressure)
storm akin to a hurricane on
Earth, but it is enormous (three
Earths would fit within its
boundaries) and it has
persisted for at least the 400
years that humans have
observed it through telescopes.
• Position: 7th planet from the sun.
• Atmosphere: Composed mostly of gas with no
solid surface. Cloud strips.
• Landscape: No solid surfaces, high pressures turn
gas into liquids.
• Temperatures: Rings made out of water ice,
really cold.
• Year (Full rotation around the sun): 30 Earth
years.
• Moons: 61
• Rings: 7 division ring system







Position: 7th planet from the
sun.
Atmosphere: Gets thicker and
thicker, until it is squished
unto liquid. Cold and windy.
Landscape: Layer of water
and gases that form bright
clouds.
Temperatures: Extremely
cold at cloud tops and
superheated towards the
center.
Year (Full rotation around
the sun): 84 Earth years.
Moons: 27
Rings: 11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Uranus is the coldest planet in the Solar System
Uranus is turned over on its side
Summer on Uranus lasts one long day – 42 years
Uranus has rings
You can see Uranus with the “naked” eye
Uranus has only been visited once
Uranus had diamonds! Oceans of liquid diamond, filled with solid diamond
icebergs, could be floating on Neptune and Uranus, according to a recent
article in the journal Nature Physics.
• Position: Furthest from the sun (Cannot see without a
telescope). 8th planet.
• Atmosphere: Very Windy, cold clouds, a layer of
methane gas (giving it a blue color), storms as large
Earth.
• Landscape: Scientist think it may have an ocean of
super hot lava.
• Temperatures: Cold
• Year (Full rotation around the sun): 165 Earth years.
• Moons: 13
• Rings: 6
• Pluto is NOT considered a
planet anymore!
• It is classified as a dwarf
planet.
• Temperatures: Extremely
cold, covered with frost.
• Year (Full rotation around the
sun): 248 Earth years.
• Moons: 3
• Pluto is very hard to see,
even with a powerful
telescope
Why was Pluto demoted?
IAU (Aug. 24, 2006) criteria:
 The object must be in orbit around the sun
 It must be the only object that use its orbit
 Spherical in shape due to gravity
•
•
•
•
The sun is a star.
A ball of hot glowing gases.
It gets hotter as you go deeper.
Central force that has a high
influence on planets orbits.
• Without the sun’s energy and
heat there would be no life on
Earth.
• Stabilizes Earth.
• Our moon is covered in craters and has no
atmosphere.
• 1/6th gravity and no air.
• Very hot and very cold temperatures.
• Pieces of equipment lie on the moon-things like
the American flag!
• Full Moon - The Moon's illuminated
• New Moon - The Moon's un-illuminated
side is facing the Earth. The Moon is not
visible (except during a solar eclipse).
• Waxing Crescent - The Moon appears to
be partly but less than one-half illuminated
by direct sunlight. The fraction of the
Moon's disk that is illuminated is
increasing.
• First Quarter - One-half of the Moon
appears to be illuminated by direct
sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk
that is illuminated is increasing.
• Waxing Gibbous - The Moon appears to
be more than one-half but not fully
illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction
of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is
increasing.
side is facing the Earth. The Moon
appears to be completely illuminated
by direct sunlight.
• Waning Gibbous - The Moon
appears to be more than one-half but
not fully illuminated by direct sunlight.
The fraction of the Moon's disk that is
illuminated is decreasing.
• Last Quarter - One-half of the Moon
appears to be illuminated by direct
sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's
disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
• Waning Crescent - The Moon
appears to be partly but less than
one-half illuminated by direct
sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's
disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
BONUS POINTS: Moon Phase Edible Project
-Edible items
-Must show/represent
the sun, Earth, and
ALL phases of the
moon
-Must be labeled
-If you have more than
3 zeroes/missing
assignments, you are
NOT able to do this
Earth’s Orbit
 Gravity pull of the sun
Keeps the earth from
straying away from its
Orbit.
 gravity vs. inertia
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Earth’s Orbit
 elliptical in shape
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Moons in the solar system
Planet
No. of Moons
Mercury
0
Venus
0
Earth
1
Mars
2
Jupiter
62
Saturn
33
Uranus
27
Neptune
13
http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Moons/MoonsSolSys.html
Earth’s Moon
 Rotates on its axis
 No light of its own
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Eclipses
 When shadow of a heavenly body falls on
another
 Solar/Lunar eclipse
 Partial/Total Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Solar Eclipse
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science, 2006.
NY: Chelsea House
Lunar Eclipse
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Lunar Eclipse
Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide To Science,
2006. NY: Chelsea House
Other heavenly objects
 Asteroid belt – found between Mars and Jupiter
 Comets-a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust
and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles pointing
away from the sun.
 Meteoroids-a small body/mass moving in/through
the solar system
 Meteor-a small body of matter from outer space that enters the
earth's atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction
and appearing as a streak of light. “shooting star”
 Meteorite-A meteorite is a solid piece of debris, from such
sources as asteroids or comets, that originates in outer space and
survives its impact with the Earth's surface.
Stars
 Huge ball of flaming gas
 Has a life cycle
 constellations
http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/space/Images/star
_constellations3.gif
References
• Adams and Lambert. Earth Science: An
Illustrated Guide To Science, 2006. NY: Chelsea
House
• Rabago, Lilia M., et al. Dynamic Science. 2003.
QC: vibal Publishing House