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UNIVERSE & SOLAR SYSTEM Chapters 21 & 22 Test One Material BIRTH OF ASTRONOMY GEOCENTRIC - EARTH IS AT THE CENTER ARISTARCHUS HELIOCENTRIC - SUN CENTERED UNIVERSE STILL LEARNING – Eric Idle EARLY ASTRONOMERS ERATOTHENES - FIRST TO MEASURE SIZE OF EARTH HIPPARCHUS - STAR CATALOGUE 850 PTOLEMY - DEVELOPED MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE - PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM MODERN ASTRONOMY COPERNICUS - EARTH WAS A PLANET WITH SUN AT CENTER OF OTHER PLANETS KEPLER - LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OR (AU) MEASURED PLANETS DISTANCE TO SUN AND PERIOD OF REVOLUTION PLANET MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE AU 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.20 9.54 19.18 30.06 YEARS 0.24 0.62 1.00 1.88 11.86 29.46 84.01 164.80 GALILEO TELESCOPE 4 MOONS OF JUPITER PLANETS WERE CIRCULAR DISKS MOON’S SURFACE WAS NOT SMOOTH SUNSPOTS SIR ISAAC NEWTON INERTIA - FIRST LAW OF MOTION THAT THE NATURAL TENDENCY FOR A MOVING OBJECT IS TO CONTINUE MOVING AT A UNIFORM SPEED AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNLESS ACTED UPON BY ANOTHER OUTSIDE FORCE GRAVITY - ATTRACTIVE FORCE THAT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO MASS & INVERSELY TO DISTANCE CONSTELLATION AN APPARENT GROUP OF STARS ORIGINALLY NAMED FOR MYTHICAL CHARACTERS. PRESENTLY THE SKY IS DIVIDED INTO 88 CONSTELLATIONS UNIVERSE ORIGIN? HUGE EXPLOSION (BIG BANG) THREW MATERIAL OUTWARD IN ALL DIRECTIONS. MATERIAL BEGAN TO ATTRACT AND ROTATE (HAROLD UREY’S ROTATING DISK OR NEBULAR THEORY). MATERIAL COMBINED TO FORM SOLAR SYSTEMS. MATERIAL IN CENTER OF EACH SYSTEM REACHED 15 MILLION DEGREES F AND BEGAN TO GLOW ALL THINGS ASTRONOMICAL STARS EACH SOLAR SYSTEM (STAR/SUN) IS CLUSTERED WITH BILLIONS OF OTHERS TO FORM GALAXIES ( 400 BILLION IN MILKY WAY GALAXY) THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF GALAXIES GALAXIES ARE MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS APART WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR (DISTANCE)? LIGHT TRAVELLING AT 186,000 MILES PER SECOND FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR 5.8 TRILLION MILES 5,800,000,000,000 MILES BILLION AND TRILLION REALITY CHECK IF YOU COULD PICK UP ONE PENNY PER SECOND HOW LONG TO PICK UP ONE BILLION? 32 YEARS WHAT ABOUT A TRILLION PENNIES? 32,000 YEARS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM OUR SUN IS ONE OF 400 BILLION STARS THAT MAKE UP THE MILKY WAY GALAXY YELLOW DWARF - COMPARED TO OTHER STARS IT IS AN AVERAGE STAR 109 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH Sun and stars Sun SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR INTERIOR CAN NOT BE DIRECTLY OBSERVED HAS TEMPERATURES OF AT LEAST 15 MILLION DEGREES BUT MORE LIKELY 27 MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT SUN STRUCTURE PHOTOSPHERE THE SUN’S VISIBLE SURFACE TEMPERATURES OF 10,000 DEGREES F SUNSPOTS - DARK BLEMISHES THAT ARE COOLER THAN SUN’S SURFACE AND MAY EFFECT EARTH’S WEATHER FACULAE - HOT SPOTS ON THE PHOTOSPHERE SUN STRUCTURE CHROMOSPHERE LOWER OR INNER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE HOT GASES WITH TEMPERATURES FROM 10,000 DEGREES F NEAR PHOTOSPHERE TO ALMOST 1 MILLION DEGREES F IN UPPER REGIONS SUNSTRUCTURE - CORONA OUTER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE MAY EXTEND OUTWARD 620,000 MILES TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1 MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT EARTH’S MOON HAS NO ATMOSPHERE AND LACKS WATER HAS A SURFACE WITH MANY CRATERS THE MORE CRATERS IN AN AREA, THE OLDER THE SURFACE AREA LUNAR SURFACE MARE- DARK SURFACES OF MOON HIGHLANDS MOUNTAIN RANGES LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2 DAYS NEW MOON WAXING CRESCENT FIRST QUARTER WAXING GIBBOUS FULL MOON WANING GIBBOUS THIRD QUARTER WANING CRESCENT NEW MOON MOON’S ORBIT AROUND EARTH PERIGEE IS WHEN MOON IS CLOSEST TO EARTH AT ABOUT 221,000 MILES AWAY APOGEE IS WHEN MOON IS FARTHEST AWAY FROM EARTH AT ABOUT 252,000 MILES Lunar orbit ECLIPSES SOLAR ECLIPSE - MOON MOVES IN A LINE DIRECTLY BETWEEN EARTH & SUN. MOON’S ORBIT IS INCLINED ABOUT 5 DEGREES TO THE ELIPTIC PLANE OF EARTH/SUN LUNAR ECLIPSE - EARTH MOVES BETWEEN SUN AND MOON MOTIONS OF THE EARTH ROTATION - MEAN SOLAR DAY VS. SIDERAL DAY [TIME IT TAKES EARTH TO MAKE ONE COMPLETE ROTATION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER STAR] REVOLUTION EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND SUN AVERAGE OF 93 MILLION MILES PERIHELION OCCURS ON JANUARY 3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 91 1/2 MILLION MILES FROM SUN APHELION OCCURS ON JULY 3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 94 1/2 MILLION MILES FROM SUN TERRESTRIAL PLANETS COMPOSED OF DENSE ROCKY AND METALLIC MATERIALS WITH LITTLE OR NO ATMOSPHERE MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JOVIAN PLANETS GIANT PLANETS WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM WITH THICK ATMOSPHERES JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE http://www.nineplanets.org/ Dwarf planets New class of planets • Orbit the Sun • Not the only objects to occupy their area of space • Pluto is the prototype of this new category • Located in the Kuiper belt – a band of icy objects found beyond the orbit of Neptune Dwarf Planets Pluto Charon Eris - UB 313 [Xena] Ceres Comparison of Pluto, Earth, and other Kuiper Belt objects Figure 22.31 RELATIVE SIZE Then the Earth is about 1.3 cm in diameter (the size of a grape). The Moon orbits about a foot away. The Sun is 1.5 meters in diameter (about the height of a man) and 150 meters (about a city block) from the Earth. Jupiter is 15 cm in diameter (the size of a large grapefruit) and 5 blocks away from the Sun. Saturn (the size of an orange) is 10 blocks away; Uranus and Neptune (lemons) are 20 and 30 blocks away. A human on this scale is the size of an atom; the nearest star would be over 40000 km away. MERCURY INNERMOST AND SWIFTEST PLANET ALBEDO 0F 6% DAYLIGHT & DARKNESS BOTH LAST 88 DAYS TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -300F TO 800F VERY LITTLE ATMOSPHERE VENUS SIMILAR IN SIZE, DENSITY AND MASS TO EARTH THICK CLOUD OF CARBON DIOXIDE SURFACE TEMPS OF 900F DUE TO GREENHOUSE EFFECT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 90 TIMES THAT OF EARTH IF EARTH IS HEAVEN THEN VENUS IS HELL MARS LITTLE GREEN MEN, MARS ATTACKS, HG WELLES WHITE POLAR ICE CAPS HAVE GREAT RIFT VALLEY VERY DRY PLANET REDDISH ROCK, SAND AND SOIL http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.h tml MARS IN THE FUTURE? JUPITER 2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN ALL OTHER PLANETS COMBINED 1 DAY LASTS 10 HOURS DUE TO FAST ROTATION HURRICANE-LIKE STORM SYSTEMS WITH WINDS OF 1000 MPH - GREAT RED SPOT SURFACE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN OCEAN SOME MOONS [61] AS LARGE AS MARS MOONS OF JUPITER CALLISTO GANYMEDE IO EUROPA DISCOVERED BY GALILELO 61? TOTAL MOONS SATURN 29 1/2 YEARS TO MAKE ONE REVOLUTION SYSTEM OF RINGS HIGH WIND SPEEDS 1000+ MPH URANUS SURROUNDED BY POLAR CIRCLING RINGS KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANET METHANE IN ATMOSPHERE ROTATES ON ITS SIDE NEPTUNE TWIN PLANET TO URANUS COLDER TEMPERATURES MAY BE THE MOST DISTANT PLANET TRITON -391 DEGREES F KUIPER BELT – ICY BODIES BEYOND NEPTUNE THAT ORBIT THE SUN – MAY BE A SOURCE FOR SHORTTERM COMETS PLUTO MAY NOT BE A PLANET BUT A TRANSITION BETWEEN COMET AND PLANET As of 8/16/06 classified as a Pluton along with Charon and UB 313 PLANET X AVERAGE TEMP OF -350F LARGE DIRTY ICEBALL SOMETIMES IS CLOSER TO SUN THAN NEPTUNE 248 YEARS TO ORBIT SUN OORT CLOUD AREA WHERE COMETS RESIDE JUST OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM http://www.nineplanets.org/comets.html HALLEY’S COMET EVERY 76 YEARS COMET KAHOUTEK HALE-BOPP COMET IN 1997 Minor members of the solar system Comets • Often compared to large, “dirty snowballs” • Composition Frozen gases Rocky and metallic materials • Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Produces a glowing head called the coma Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun due to • Radiation pressure and the solar wind Orientation of a comet’s tail as it orbits the Sun Figure 22.27 HALE-BOPP sunsinger 10TH PLANET? ASTEROID BELT BETWEEN MARS & JUPITER BODE’S LAW MAY HAVE BEEN PLANET THAT EXPLODED - ASTER MAY BE TWO MOONS FROM JUPITER COLLIDED MAY BE MATERIAL THAN NEVER COALESCED TO FORM PLANET Minor members of the solar system Asteroids • Most lie between Mars and Jupiter • Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 • • • • miles in diameter Some have very eccentric orbits Many of the recent impacts on the Moon and Earth were collisions with asteroids Irregular shapes Origin is uncertain The orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiter Figure 22.25 Minor members of the solar system Meteoroids • Called meteors when they enter Earth’s atmosphere • A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet’s path • Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth 10th PLANET PART 2 http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/29j ul_planetx.htm?list165102 What will it’s name be????? Eris What do you know? PART 1 -On a piece of paper write down one thing from these chapters that you really understand well. PART 2 -Below that write something down from the chapters that still confuses you PART 3 -Go around the room and find someone to explain what you know in part 1 and ask them to explain what you don’t know If after talking to 3 people you can’t find an answer to your PART 2 question, then circle it and bring it to me