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The Renaissance, Reformation
& Scientific Revolution
1350-1700
I. The Italian Renaissance
A. Characteristics:
1. Humanism:
a. Emphasize secular rather than religious.
b. Emphasis on individuals & human
achievement
2. Period of stability & creativity
3. Increased study of Greek & Roman Culture
B. Economic Foundations
1. Increased Trade
a. B/c of the Crusades, Europe became
familiar with & wanted goods from
Muslim lands
2. Banking
a. Increased trade = need for banks =
banking system grow (Medici family)
b. Medici, wealthy banking family that funded
great artists. Lorenzo di Medici – Il Magnifico
c. Letters of credit (loans) expand the $ supply
and increase trade
d. Rise of capitalism = need laborers = serfs
leave the feudal system & it eventually
disappears.
C. Italian Renaissance (began there) Florence,
Venice & Genoa:
1. LOCATION: Had access to seas
connecting Europe & Middle East =
flourishing trade
a. Became trading centers for northern
Europe
b. Were initially independent city-states
governed as republics.
D. Literature & the Arts
1. Machiavelli’s The Prince
a. Main Ideas:
i. Treatise about gov’t which advocated absolute
power of the ruler.
ii. Idea that the end justifies the means
iii. One should do good if possible, but do evil when
necessary
2. Michelangelo: Sculptor, Engineer, Painter,
Architect & Poet
a. Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel
ceiling
b. The Statue of David: Statue recalls the
harmony & grace of Ancient Greek tradition
The Last Supper
Statue of David
3. Leonardo DaVinci
a. Dissected bodies to see how bones
& muscles work
b. Sketched planes & boats before
they were invented
c. Famous artwork:
i. Mona Lisa: woman with a
mysterious smile
ii. The Last Supper
4. d. new art form: perspective, like 3-D.
Vitruvian Man
COMPARE: CONTINUTIY & CHANGE
• Medieval art & literate focused on the
Church & Salvation; Renaissance art &
literature focused on individuals &
worldly matters, along with Christianity
II. The Northern Renaissance v.
Italian Renaissance
A. Northern Renaissance Characteristics
1. There was more wealth in the north to support
the Renaissance ideas $$$$
2. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged
humanist ideas with Christianity
3. The movable printing press made by Johann
Gutenberg & the production of books helped
spread ideas
• EXAMPLE: The Gutenberg Bible
B. Writers
1.Petrarch: wrote sonnets; was a leading
humanist
2. William Shakespeare: Wrote Romeo &
Juliet and Hamlet
3. Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly (1511)
4. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516)
C. Northern Renaissance artists
portrayed religious & secular objects.
1.
Albrecht Durer: The “German
Leonardo”
a. Studied the techniques of
Italian master
b. Painted, engraved, printed,
and wrote essays
2. Pieter Brueghel
a. Used vibrant colors to
portray peasant life
b. Influenced other artists to
paint scenes of daily life
rather than religious or
classical themes.
..\..\..\..\..\Brueghel\Breugel2.ppt
• The changes in art during the Renaissance
correlate closely with the changes in ideas
about life. People became curious about
science & mathematics after centuries of
blindly accepting the views of the Church.
People began to focus more on life on earth
rather than the afterlife. The Renaissance
was one of the few eras in history that was
named by the people who were alive during
the time. People called it The Renaissance
even while it was happening! Art played a big
part of this rebirth of classical times.
III. The Reformation
(early 1500s)
• For centuries, the Roman Catholic
Church had little competition in
religious thought & action. The
resistance of the church to change led
to the Protestant Reformation, which
resulted in the birth of new political &
economic institutions.
A. Protestant Beginnings: Lutherans &
Calvinists
1. Reasons:
a. Church wealth & corruption
i. selling indulgences
ii. wealthy lifestyle of the clergy
b. Desire for princes (especially German)
to increase power by breaking with Rome
2. People
a. Martin Luther:
i. German monk who wrote 95 theses in
which he identified church problems &
solutions = birth of Protestant Church
ii. views:
- “faith alone” saves
- Bible is the ONLY source of
authority, not Pope
- All humans are = before god.
b. John Calvin
i. predestination
ii. model community of discipline & hard
work in Geneva, Switzerland (theocracy)
The Reformation had its roots in
theology, but it led to important
economic & political changes. Religious
differences & hatreds caused wars &
destruction.
3. Support for Reformation
a. German princes & other rulers
welcomed the break from the Roman
Catholic Church (decrease pope’s
political power)
b. Peasant revolt: hoped to promoted
social/economic change
4. Conflict
a. Conflict between Protestants & Catholics
resulted in devastating wars (e.g. Thirty
Years’ War)
i. End with the Peace at Augsburg in which
German Princes are allowed to determine if
their state will be Catholic or Protestant
ii. Catholic monarchy in France granted
Protestant Huegnots freedom of worship in
the Edict of Nantes, but later revoked it.
B. The English Reformation = The Anglican
Church or Church of England
1. People & Events
a. Henry VIII
i. broke from the Catholic Church
when the Pope refused to grant him
annulment
ii. Formed Anglican Church with
himself as the leader. “Supremacy Act”
iii. seized church land for the throne
(HUGE)
b. Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII)
i. attempt to make Catholicism official
c. Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII
i. firmly established England as a
Protestant nation, but retained some
Catholic traditions
IV. Catholic Reformation
A. reaction to the Protestant
Reformation and loss of land, power,
money, and followers.
B. Mounted a series of reforms and
reasserted its authority
C. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was
founded to spread Catholic doctrine
around the world.