Download Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation

Ch 17 European Renaissance and
Reformation
1300-1600
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
Sec 1
Middle Ages
• During the late Middle Ages, Europe
suffered from both war and plague
• Those who survived started to question
institutions of the Middle Ages such as the
Church
Renaissance
• Renaissance- term that means rebirth and
refers to a period from 1300-1600 in Europe
that in characterized by an explosion of
creativity in art and learning
• The people of Italy hoped to bring back the
life and culture of Greece and Rome but
created something new
Italy’s Advantages
• The Renaissance began in Northern Italy
and gradually spread to the rest of Europe
• Italy had four advantages that made it the
birthplace of the Renaissance:
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thriving cities
a wealthy merchant class
the classical heritage of Greece and Rome
location in the Mediterranean
City States
• Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades,
had led to the growth of large city-states in
northern Italy
• Northern Italy was urban while most of the
rest of Europe remained rural
Merchants and the Medici
• Unlike nobles, merchants did not inherit
social rank
• Success for merchants was based on
individual merit, an important idea during
the Renaissance
• The Medici family was one of the most
powerful merchant families in all of Europe
Looking to Greece and Rome
• Greek and Roman culture was revived
through the study of the ruins of Rome and
manuscripts that were preserved in
monasteries
• Christian scholars from fleeing the rule of
the Muslim Turks in Constantinople
brought Greek and Roman manuscripts with
them
Location
• Italy’s location in the Mediterranean Sea led
to contact with many other cultures such as
the Hanseatic League, an alliance of
trading cities in Northern Europe
• Renaissance ideas spread quickly through
trade routes
Humanism
• Humanism- intellectual movement that
focused on human potential and
achievements
• As opposed to people of the Middle Ages,
humanists are more concerned with the
here and now than the afterlife
• The basic spirit of the Renaissance was
secular- worldly rather than spiritual
Renaissance Man
• The ideal individual during the Renaissance
strove to master almost every area of study
• A Renaissance Man should be able to
dance, sing, play music, write poetry, be a
skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman
Renaissance Women
• Women during the Renaissance were better
educated than women of the Middle Ages
but still had little influence
Art
• Following the new emphasis on individuals,
artists began to paint prominent citizens in a
more realistic way
Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor,
inventor, and scientist
• His work is a huge influence art and
science, and includes the Mona Lisa, and
The Last Supper
http://entertainment.howstuffwor
ks.com/arts/artwork/last-suppertheory.htm
• Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo
• Michelangelo was another Renaissance
man known for his art, poetry, and
sculptures such as the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel and the statue of David
Raphael
Literature
• Authors such as Dante, Petrarch, and
Boccacco wrote for self-expression or to
portray the individuality of their subjects
Machiavelli
• Machiavelli- influential Renaissance
author of The Prince.
• The Prince was a political guidebook
advising rulers how to keep their power
• Is it better to be feared or loved?
• A wise ruler does whatever is necessary to
stay in power.
• “the end justifies the means”
The Northern Renaissance
Sec 2
Northern Renaissance
• After the plague and the Hundred Years
War ended populations began to grow in
northern cities
• As wealth increased through trade in
northern cities patronage of the arts
increased
Northern Writers
• When the Italian humanist ideas reached the
north, people used them to examine the
traditional teachings of the Church
• Christian humanists focused on how to
improve society and inspire people to live a
Christian life
Thomas More
• In 1516, Thomas More wrote a book called
Utopia
• The book is about an imaginary land where
greed, corruption, and war have been
weeded out.
Shakespeare
• The Renaissance spread to England in the
mid-1500s.
• This time period became known as the
Elizabethan Age
• The most famous writer of the Elizabethan
Age was William Shakespeare
The Printing Press
• The Chinese invented block printing and
movable print around the year 1000, but it
was impractical because the Chinese
language contained thousands of characters
• Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg, a
craftsman from Germany developed a
printing press that incorporated a number of
technologies in a new way
Effects of the Printing Press
• Gutenberg’s printing press made it possible
to produce books quickly and cheaply
• Using the new process Gutenberg printed a
complete Bible in 1455
• For the first time books were cheap enough
so that many people could buy them
• The printing press took power away from
the Church by putting the Bible in the hands
of common people
Legacy of the Renaissance
• The European Renaissance was a period of
great artistic and social change
• It marked a break with medieval period
ideals focused around the Church.
• The belief in the dignity of the individual
played a key role in the gradual rise of
democratic ideas
• The printing press may be the most
important invention in history
Changes in the Arts
• Art drew on the style of classical Greece
and Rome
• Paintings and sculptures portrayed
individuals and nature in more realistic
ways
• Art was secular as well as religious
• Writers began to use vernacular language
• The arts praised individual achievement
Changes in Society
• Printing made information available and
inexpensive enough for society at large
• Greater availability of books prompted an
increased desire for learning and a rise in
literacy
• Published accounts of new discoveries,
maps, and charts led to discoveries in a
variety of fields
More Changes
• Published legal proceedings made the laws
clear so that people were more likely to
understand their rights
• Christian humanists changed the views
about how life should be lived
• People began to question political structures
and religious practices.
Luther Leads the Reformation
Sec 3
Weakening Church
• The Roman Catholic Church dominated
life in the Middle Ages but it began to draw
more and more criticism after the Crusades
and plague
Reformation
• Reformation- movement for religious
reform that led to the split of the Roman
Catholic Church and the creation of
Protestantism
Social Causes
• The Renaissance values of humanism and
secularism led people to question the
Church
• The printing press put the Bible in the
hands of regular people and helped to
spread ideas critical of the Church
Political Causes
• Powerful monarchs challenged the church
as the supreme power in Europe
• Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign
ruler and challenged his authority
Economic Causes
• European princes and kings were jealous of
the Church’s wealth
• Merchants and others resented having to
pay taxes to the Church
Religious Causes
• Some Church leaders had become worldly
and corrupt
• Many people found Church practices such
as the sale of indulgences unacceptable
Luther Challenges the Church
• Martin Luther- monk and teacher from the
German state of Saxony who led the
Protestant Reformation
• In 1517, Luther took a public stand against
a friar name Johann Tetzel
• In order to raise money to rebuild St Peter’s
Cathedral in Rome, Tetzel began to sell
indulgences, pardons that released sinners
from having to perform penalties
95 Theses
• 95 Theses- formal statements attacking Church
practices and the sale of indulgences
• Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of a
Church in Wittenberg and invited scholars to
debate him
• His statement was copied and taken to a printer
and Luther was soon known throughout Germany
• The posting of the 95 Theses began the
Reformation
Luther’s Teachings
• People could win salvation only by faith in
God’s forgiveness. The Church taught that
faith and good works were necessary.
• All Church teachings should be clearly
based on the words of the Bible. The pope
and Church traditions were false authorities.
• All people with faith were equal. People do
not need priests to interpret the Bible for
them.
Response to Luther
• In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
• Edict of Worms was issued by Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V declaring Luther and outlaw
and a heretic
• Luther and his followers became a separate
religious group called the Lutherans
• Peasants in Germany revolted
• The term Protestant came to be applied to
Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches
Henry VIII
• When Henry VIII became king of England
in 1509 he was a devout Catholic
• Henry needed to have a son to be heir to his
throne
• Convinced that his 42 year old wife
Catherine would have no more children
Henry asked the pope for an annulment.
England Becomes Protestant
• After the Pope refused the annulment Henry
called the Parliament and asked it to end
the pope’s power in England
• Henry got his divorce and married Anne
Boleyn
• After Henry’s death his daughter, Elizabeth
I set up the Church of England or Anglican
Church
The Reformation Continues
Sec 4
John Calvin
• In 1535, John Calvin, published Institutes
of the Christian Religion to express his
ideas about God, salvation, and human
nature
• Calvin wrote that men and women are
sinful by nature and that God chooses very
few people to be saved.
• Predestination- belief that God has known
from the beginning of time who will be
saved
Calvinism
• Calvinism- religion based on the ideas of
John Calvin
• Calvin believed that the ideal government
was a theocracy, government controlled by
religious leaders
• Followers of Calvinism were extremely
strict.
Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Reformation- reform movement
by the Catholic church in order to keep
followers loyal, also known as the Counter
Reformation
• The goals of the Catholic Reformation were
to found schools in Europe, convert nonChristians, and stop the spread of
Protestantism
Legacy of the Reformation
• Protestant churches flourished and new
denominations developed
• The Roman Catholic Church unified due to
its own reforms
• Both placed a new emphasis on education
• Monarchs and states gained power as
church power declined
• The questioning of beliefs and authority led
to the Enlightenment