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Unit 8: The Renaissance and
Reformation 1300-1650
- Italy
-Renaissance spreads
-Protestant Reformation
-Reformation spreads
-Scientific Revolution
Renaissance in Italy
• Italy was the birthplace of
the Renaissance
– Interest in Roman culture
• Visible remains of ancient
Rome in Italy
– Many trade and
manufacturing city-states
– Merchants led the rebirth of
Roman culture
• Stressed education, individual
achievement & arts
Florence & the Medicis
• Florence produced many poets, artists,
architects, scholars, and scientists
• Medici family organized a successful chain
of businesses (1400s)
– Cosimo de’Medici controlled Florentine gov’t
(1434)
• Lorenzo “the Magnificent” was a politician &
supporter of arts
Time of Change
• Time of rebirth after the disorder & disunity
of the medieval world
– New attitudes toward learning and culture
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Human experience in the here and now
Emphasis on individual achievement
Person with talent in many fields
Spirit of adventure & exploration (_____________)
Humanism:_______________________________
– Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history
Francesco
Petrarch
Golden Age
• Art reflected humanist concerns
– Humans & landscapes in realistic ways
– Some women b/c professional artists
– Architecture had columns, arches and domes
• Artists: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael
• Writers: Baldassare Catiglione, Niccolo
Machiavelli
Checking for Understanding #1
• Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
• How did attitudes of the Renaissance
differ from Medieval attitudes?
The Renaissance Spreads
• Northern Europe recovered slowly from
the Black Death & experienced
Renaissance later
• Albrecht Durer traveled to
Italy & brought back new style
of art & essays
• Painters: Jan & Hubert van
Eyck, Pieter Bruegel, Peter Paul Rubens
Northern learning
• Focused on humanities AND religious
themes
– Erasmus produced Greek edition of the New
Testament & used vernacular (___________)
– Thomas More, Utopia & an ideal society
• Writers & everyday language
– Rabelais, Shakespeare, Cervantes
• Johann Gutenberg & printing press
Checking for Understanding #2
• How was the Renaissance brought to
northern Europe?
• How did writing and plays change during
the Renaissance?
• What is the printing revolution?
The Protestant Reformation
• Chapter 14, Section 3 (Pg.346-350)
• Read this section on 3/20/2013! Answer
ALL of the questions in Section 3
Assessment. 
Checking for Understanding #3
• Why did Christians call for Church reform?
• How is Martin Luther significant to the
Protestant Reformation?
• How is John Calvin significant to the
Protest Reformation?
Spread of the Reformation
• Radical Protestant sects
– Anabaptists: only adults baptized
and called for separation of
church & state
• Influenced Baptists, Quakers,
Mennonites, and Amish
• Split from the Catholic Church!
– King Henry VIII sought annulment
b/c there was not a male heir
• Married to Catherine of Aragon = 1
daughter, Mary Tudor
• Wanted to marry Anne Bolelyn
Henry VIII vs. the Church
• 1534 Parliament
passed the Act of
Supremacy
– Henry b/c
______________
______________
• Led to the
execution of
Catholics
• Henry VIII
appointed a new
archbishop & was
granted an
annulment
Henry’s Church
• 1536-1540 English convents
& monasteries closed for
immorality land given to
nobles & high ranking
citizens = support for
Anglican Church
• Edward VI b/c king at 10
years old
– Protestant reforms
– Sister, Mary Tudor, restored
England to Catholicism
• English Protestants burned at
the stake
The Elizabethan Settlement
• Elizabeth established a
compromise b/t Protestant
& Catholic practices
– Church of England: Catholic
ceremony & ritual, hierarchy
of bishops and archbishops,
BUT monarch was head of
Anglican Church
– Book of Common Prayer
accepted and Latin replaced
in church services
• She restored peace in
England
Queen Elizabeth I, 1533-1603
The Catholic Reformation
• Pope Paul III led reformation in 1530s-1540s
– Revive moral authority & end corruption w/in papacy
• Council of Trent (1545): end abuses in church,
reaffirm traditional views, penalties for
worldliness and corruption, established schools
• The Inquisition: Church court est. during Middle
Ages
– Secret testimony, torture and execution used to root
out heresy
– Index of Forbidden Books (included Luther & Calvin)
Catholic Reformation (cont.)
• Society of Jesus OR Jesuits
– Combat heresy & spread Catholic faith
• Renewal of faith: Teresa of Avila
– Created an order of nuns & then asked to reorganize
convents and monasteries
• 1600: Catholicism flourished, Protestantism was
slowed, but still a divide
Persecution
• Intolerance of BOTH Catholics & Protestants
– Witch hunts between 1450- 1750
• Over 10,000 men & women killed
• Link b/t magic & heresy
• Social outcasts often scapegoats for trouble
– European Jews suffered as restrictions increased
• Expelled from land, books & synagogues burned, confined to
ghetto, required to wear yellow badge during travel
*Religious wars through the 1600s*
Checking for Understanding #4
• What types of reformation occurred in
Europe?
• How did these reformations affect Europe?
Scientific Revolution
• Greek astronomer Ptolemy taught Earth
was center of universe
• 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a
heliocentric (_______________) universe
– Johannes Kepler supported findings
• Galileo condemned by Church for his
findingstried before the Inquisition
– 1633 threatened w/ death
Changes
• Scientific method: step-by-step
process that depended on
observation & experimentation
– Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes
• Isaac Newton
– Theory of gravity
– Laws of gravity and universe =
Newtonian Revolution
– Calculus
Advancements
• Chemistry & Robert Boyle
• Medicine: first complete & accurate study
of human anatomy
– Development of stitches
– William Harvey described circulation of blood
Checking for Understanding #5
• How did the Scientific Revolution change
Europe?
• How does this Scientific Revolution affect
modern society?